Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)

1. Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: Potential FCC Part 15.247 Waiver and Opportunity for RFID and Sensor Applications Date Submitted: 15 May, 2008 Source: Mike McInnis Company The Boeing Company Address P.O. Box 3707 M/S 7M-CA, Seattle, WA, USA Voice:[206-290-7758, E-Mail:[michael.d.mcinnis@boeing.com] Re: Abstract: Potential FCC Waiver could benefit RFID and Sensor Applications Purpose: Submission for consideration of a potential RFID SG PAR and 5 Criteria Direction Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15. Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

2. Potential Opportunity for Energy Harvesting Sensor and RFID Applications? • On May 14, 2008 at the IEEE 802.15 Interim meetings in Jacksonville, FL Jeff Solum with Starkey Laboratories made two presentations regarding a request for waiver of FCC Part 15.247 rules for a reduction of minimum channel bandwidth from 500 Khz to potentially 100 Khz. • IEEE 802.15 document numbers: • 08/356 Potential Waiver and Rule Making Change to Part 15.247 • 08/365 Hearing Aids: Cutting Edge Technology in an Ultra Constrained Environment Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

3. The Question IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Specifications Increase channels available from 10 to ? Can we maintain Data Bit Rate and reduce PHY energy use by creating a PHY that takes advantage of a potential FCC Part 15.247 waiver request for <500 Khz bandwidth channels? Increase channels available from 16 to ? Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

4. Potential Starkey Laboratories FCC Waiver Request • Starkey Laboratories is interested in operating said low power devices within the confines of Section 15.247(a)(2), but with a lower minimum bandwidth than currently allowed by rule. Section 15.247(a)(2) currently states in part that “[t]he minimum 6 dB bandwidth shall be at least “500 kHz.” Starkey Laboratories is requesting that the aforesaid language be waived and that it be allowed to operate said low power devices with a lower minimum 6 dB bandwidth of at least “100 kHz.” • The proposed waiver would allow Starkey to operate said low power devices with a lower minimum 6 dB bandwidth of 100 kHz, while maintaining the 8 dBm/3 kHz power spectral density specified in Section 15.247(e). Table 1 shows an example of the total radiated power that would be allowed if the waiver were granted. Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

5. Background on EPCglobal RFID Specifications and the IEEE P1451 Sensor Standard Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

6. RFID Standards Organizations • Two organizations are most involved in drafting standards for RFID technology: • ISO • No Active RFID or Sensor Tag Standard (?) • EPCglobal • No Active RFID or Sensor Tag Specification (?) Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

7. Table of the most common ISO passive RFID standards http://rfdesign.com/next_generation_wireless/transmit_receive_technologies/rfid-technology-standards-0907/ Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

8. ISO/IEC 18000-4:2004 • Information technology -- Radio frequency identification for item management -- Part 4: Parameters for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz • http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=34115 • Abstract ISO/IEC 18000-4:2004 defines the air interface for radio-frequency identification (RFID) devices operating in the 2,45 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band used in item management applications. Its purpose is to provide a common technical specification for RFID devices that may be used by ISO committees developing RFID application standards. ISO/IEC 18000-4:2004 is intended to allow for compatibility and to encourage inter-operability of products for the growing RFID market in the international marketplace. ISO/IEC 18000-4:2004 defines the forward and return link parameters for technical attributes including, but not limited to, operating frequency, operating channel accuracy, occupied channel bandwidth, maximum EIRP, spurious emissions, modulation, duty cycle, data coding, bit rate, bit rate accuracy, bit transmission order, and where appropriate operating channels, frequency hop rate, hop sequence, spreading sequence, and chip rate. It further defines the communications protocol used in the air interface. ISO/IEC 18000-4:2004 contains two modes. The first is a passive tag operating as an interrogator talks first while the second is a battery assisted tag operating as a tag talks first. The detailed technical differences between the modes are shown in the parameter tables. • MODE1: PASSIVE BACKSCATTER RFID SYSTEM The FHSS backscatter option or the narrow band operation RFID system shall include an interrogator that runs the FHSS backscatter option 1 RFID protocol or in narrow band operation, as well as one or more tags within the interrogation zone • MODE 2: LONG RANGE HIGH DATA-RATE RFID SYSTEM This clause describes a RFID system, offering a gross data rate up to 384 kbps at the air interface in case of Read/Write (R/W) tag. In case of Read Only (R/O) tag the data rate is 76.8 kbps. The tag is battery assisted but back scattering. By using of battery powered tags such a system is well designed for long-range RFID applications. http://www.gaorfid.com/resources/rfid_standards/ Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

9. ISO/IEC 18000-6:2004 • Information technology -- Radio frequency identification for item management -- Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz • http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=34117 • Abstract ISO/IEC 18000-6:2004 defines the air interface for radio-frequency identification (RFID) devices operating in the 860 MHz to 960 MHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band used in item management applications. Its purpose is to provide a common technical specification for RFID devices that may be used by ISO committees developing RFID application standards. ISO/IEC 18000-6:2004 is intended to allow for compatibility and to encourage inter-operability of products for the growing RFID market in the international marketplace. ISO/IEC 18000-6:2004 defines the forward and return link parameters for technical attributes including, but not limited to, operating frequency, operating channel accuracy, occupied channel bandwidth, maximum EIRP, spurious emissions, modulation, duty cycle, data coding, bit rate, bit rate accuracy, bit transmission order, and where appropriate operating channels, frequency hop rate, hop sequence, spreading sequence, and chip rate. It further defines the communications protocol used in the air interface. ISO/IEC 18000-6:2004 contains one mode with two types. Both types use a common return link and are reader talks first. Type A uses Pulse Interval Encoding (PIE) in the forward link, and an adaptive ALOHA collision arbitration algorithm. Type B uses Manchester in the forward link and an adaptive binary tree collision arbitration algorithm. The detailed technical differences between the two types are shown in the parameter tables. Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

10. ISO/IEC 18000-7:2008 • Information technology -- Radio frequency identification for item management -- Part 7: Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz • http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=43892 • Abstract ISO/IEC 18000-7:2008 defines the air interface for radio frequency identification (RFID) devices operating as an active RF tag in the 433 MHz band used in item management applications. The purpose of ISO/IEC 18000-7:2008 is to provide a common technical specification for RFID devices that may be used by ISO committees developing RFID application standards. ISO/IEC 18000-7:2008 is intended to allow for compatibility and to encourage interoperability of products for the growing RFID market in the international marketplace. It defines the forward and return link parameters for technical attributes including, but not limited to, operating frequency, operating channel accuracy, occupied channel bandwidth, maximum power, spurious emissions, modulation, duty cycle, data coding, bit rate, bit rate accuracy, bit transmission order and, where appropriate, operating channels, frequency hop rate, hop sequence, spreading sequence and chip rate. ISO/IEC 18000-7:2008 further defines the communications protocol used in the air interface. Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

11. Table of EPCglobal Specifications Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company) http://rfdesign.com/next_generation_wireless/transmit_receive_technologies/rfid-technology-standards-0907/

12. How ISO and EPC RFID standards come together http://www.inf.fh-bonn-rhein-sieg.de/data/informatik_/fb_informatik/personen/pohl/Aufsaetze/Pohl_Knospe_RFID_Security_050126.pdf Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

13. EPC Class Descriptions • Class 0/1 tags both represent basic capability. They are read only passive identity tags. The passive tags derive the power needed for operation from the reader’s RF signal. They communicate back with the reader using backscatter modulation. The Class 0 protocol uses out-of-band signaling while Class 1 protocol uses in-band signaling. Class 0 tags are read-only, programmed by the manufacturer, whereas Class 1 tags are generally viewed as write once and read many where the writing can be done either by the manufacturer or by the user. • Class 2 tags are passive tags with additional functionality like encryption or memory. • Class 3 tags are semi-passive tags. These tags have a battery source for operating the internal circuitry, whereas they do not have a transmitter for sending back the information. • All the tags from Class 0 to Class 3 use backscatter techniques to communicate to the reader at UHF frequencies. • Class 4 tags are active tags, which have a Class 4 tags are active tags, which have a battery source and a transmitter. They may be capable of broadband peer-to-peer communication with other active tags in the same frequency band or other readers. • Class 5 tags are devices that can power other tags as well as communicate with other Class 4 tags. An example is a RFID reader that is capable of powering up the other Class 0/1 tags. • http://www.ittc.ku.edu/research/thesis/documents/karthik_ramakrishnan_thesis.pdf Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

14. Basic RFID System Architecture Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company) http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/7/35472969.pdf

15. Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company) http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/7/35472969.pdf

16. Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company) http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/7/35472969.pdf

17. Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company) http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/7/35472969.pdf

18. Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company) http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/7/35472969.pdf

19. Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company) http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/7/35472969.pdf

20. Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company) http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/7/35472969.pdf

21. A Proposed EPC Sensor Network Architecture by Auto-ID 802.15.4 low energy PHY (<500 KHz BW) for Sensor and Active Tag Applications? Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company) http://www.krnet.or.kr/board/include/download.asp?no=8&db=program&fileno=2

22. IEEE P1451 Overview • IEEE 1451 is a family of Smart Transducer Interface Standards that describe a set of open, common, network-independent communication interfaces for connecting transducers (sensors or actuators) to microprocessors, instrumentation systems, and control/field networks. • The key feature of these standards is the definition of a TEDS (Transducer Electronic Data Sheet). The TEDS is a memory device attached to the transducer, which stores transducer identification, calibration, correction data, and manufacture-related information. • The goal of 1451 is to allow the access of transducer data through a common set of interfaces whether the transducers are connected to systems or networks via a wired or wireless means. • The family of IEEE 1451 standards are sponsored by the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society’s Sensor Technology Technical Committee. Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

23. IEEE P1451 Smart Sensor Interface Standards • 1451.0-2007 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators – Common Functions, Communication Protocols, and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) Formats • 1451.1-1999 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators – Network Capable Application Processor Information Model • 1451.2-1997 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators – Transducer to Microprocessor Communication Protocols & TEDS Formats • 1451.3-2003 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators – Digital Communication & TEDS Formats for Distributed Multidrop Systems • 1451.4-2004 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators – Mixed-Mode Communication Protocols & TEDS Formats • 1451.5-2007 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators – Wireless Communication Protocols & Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) Formats https://sbwsweb.ieee.org/ecustomercme_enu/start.swe?SWECmd=GotoView&src=0&SWEView=Parametric+Search+Results+View&mem_type=Customer&SWEHo=sbwsweb.ieee.org&SWETS=1210796799 Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)

24. 1451 Reference Model Network Capable Application Processor Transducer Interface Module Transducer Electronic Data Sheet Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company) http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1451/5/

25. Envisioned P1451.5 Wireless Structure Network Capable Application Processor 802.15.4 low energy PHY (<500 KHz BW) for Sensor and Active Tag Applications? Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company) http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1451/5/

26. Relationship between P1451.5 and P1451.0 P1451.5 established “thin” convergence layer between radio standards and P1451.0 802.15.4 low energy PHY (<500 KHz BW) for Sensor and Active Tag Applications? Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company) http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1451/5/

27. IEEE P1451.5 Protocol Architecture Mike McInnis (The Boeing Company)