1 / 73

大学化学 （1） 医学基础化学

大学化学 （1） 医学基础化学. 刘洛生 82378 sheng7ed@126.com. 课本 （英文、中文 共 48-52 学时）. 顺序. CHAPTER 1 Solution ( 4h) 2 Electrolyte solution (5h) 3 Buffer solution (4h) 5 Rates of chemical reaction(4h) 10 Titrimetry (4h)

ferdinand-anderson
Download Presentation

大学化学 （1） 医学基础化学

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 大学化学（1）医学基础化学 刘洛生 82378 sheng7ed@126.com

  2. 课本（英文、中文 共48-52学时） 顺序 CHAPTER1 Solution ( 4h) 2 Electrolyte solution (5h) 3 Buffer solution (4h) 5 Rates of chemical reaction(4h) 10 Titrimetry (4h) 11 Spectropotometry(2h) 6 Electrochemistry (6h) 12 The colloidal system and surface phenomena (5h) 7 Atomic Structure (4h) 8 Molecular Structure(4h) 9 Coordination Compounds(6h)

  3. 学习方法： • 先中文，再英文 ; 记忆英文的词汇和相关定义 • 正确理解基本概念、基本原理及适用范围 抽象→联系实际，勤思考，理解，推理。 预习自学记笔记，及时复习、消化、答疑。 重视作业 适当做习题。 小论文：医学中的化学问题（调查论述）

  4. 溶液化学 CHAPTER1 Solution ( 4h) 2 Electrolyte solution (5h) 3 Buffer solution (4h) 5 Rates of chemical reaction(4h) 10 Titrimetry (4h) 11 Spectropotometry(2h) 6 Electrochemistry (6h) 12 The colloidal system and surface phenomena (5h) 7 Atomic Structure (4h) 8 Molecular Structure(4h) 9 Coordination Compounds(6h) 化学动力学 分析化学 电化学 胶体化学 结构化学

  5. 【调查医院中化学知 识的运用 】 • 1 分学习小 组 (选出小组长 ) 2 利用课余时间分头到图 书馆、 网 上查找资料 3 到医院实地考察、 调查、验证 4 总结 教学时间 :可利用课余时间查找资料 , 医院考察 每小组写出一份调查报告 , 堂课总结。 调查提纲 :查找化学在医学上运用： 诊断、治疗、预防等医学成果研究 对资料归类

  6. 进入学校网络课堂： • 山东大学 • 校部机关 • 本科生院 • 网络学堂 • 山东大学课程中心 http://www.course.sdu.edu.cn/G2S/ShowSystem/Index.aspx • 课程网站点击排行——更多 医学基础化学——刘洛生 医学理化实验——赵全芹

  7. 医学基础化学实验（1） 分组 地点 • 1组 7202 • 2组 7216 • 3组 7217

  8. 实验1内容： 实验基本操作、 酸碱标准溶液的配制与标定（实验十六） • 山东大学 • 学院总览 • 化学院化工学院 • 示范中心 • 无机及分析化学实验 • 网络资源 ( 多种形式) • 基础化学实验操作内容简介（观看一、五、六、七） 网络教学：

  9. 实验循环1 实验一 粗食盐精制 （7202） 实验九醋酸电离平衡常数的测定（7216） 实验三、 十七 分析天平的使用 硼砂含量测定 （7217）

  10. 网络教学： • 基础化学实验操作内容简介 • 观看（二、三、四、八、九） 进入方法： 山东大学 学院总览 化学院化工学院 示范中心 无机及分析化学实验 网络资源 ( 多种形式)

  11. 医学基础化学实验（1）考核方法 平时成绩占70％、 期终成绩占30％。 • 采取平时和期终两种考核相结合方法: • 平时考核： • 出勤情况、实验预习、实验过程、实验操作、 • 实验报告、实验安全卫生等。 2. 期终考核： 考核学生的基本操作技能或多种形式。 （涵盖所有实验内容的相关技能操作）

  12. CHAPTER ONESOLUTION 1-1 Basic Terms of Solution 1-2 Solubilityof Solution 1-3 Solution Concentration 1-4 Colligative Properties of Solutions

  13. 问题： （0.9%NaCl） 生理盐水？ 等渗溶液？ （5%GS、50%GS） 肾脏衰竭的治疗方法——血液透析原理？ 为什么临床输液要注意所输入溶液的浓度和体积呢？ 溶液浓度、稀溶液的依数性、渗透及渗透压概念有关 生物膜与疾病

  14. 1-1Basic Terms of Solution • A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances evenly distributed in each other. • When one of these substances is a liquid and the others are so1ids or gases, we tend to think of the liquid as the substance that dissolves the solid or gas. The liquid is referred to as the solventand the solids and gases as the solutes.

  15. （水合） • Such interactions between solute and solvent molecules is known as solvation(溶剂化). • When the solvent is water it is known ashydration.

  16. 1-3 Solution Concentration ways of expressing concentration: 2. Molarity(c): moles solute / Litersolution 3. Molality* (mB)： moles solute / Kg solvent 4. Mole Fraction (x) : 1 .Amount-of-substance Concentration c （物质的量浓度） （体积摩尔浓度） （质量摩尔浓度） （摩尔分数）

  17. 1 .Amount-of-substance Concentration • ——is a concentration unit equal to the amount-of- substance of solute dissolved in a liter of solution nB (mol) or cB= (mol/L) V (L) eg: 58.5 g of NaCl is dissolved in enough water to give 1L of solution, what is the Amount-of-substance Concentration of the solution ? Answer: cNaCl =1mol/L

  18. Molarity (c):≈Amount-of-substance Concentration 2 . Molarity (c):_____moles solute / Liter solution nB cB= V

  19. Eg : If 0.435 g of KMnO4 is dissolved in enough water to give 250. mL of solution, what is the molarity of KMnO4? Solve : the first step is to convert the mass of material to moles. 0.435 g KMnO4 • 1 mol KMnO4 = 0.00275 mol KMnO4 158.0 g KMnO4 Molarity KMnO4 = 0.00275 mol KMnO4 = 0.0110mol/L 0.250 L solution

  20. 3. Molality _____moles solute / kg solvent • Molality is a concentration unit equal to the amount-of-substance of solute dissolved in a kilogram of solvent. amount-of-substance of solute (nB) Molality (mB)= mass of solvent (mA) nB ormB = mA 若将58.5gNaCl溶于1kg水，所得溶液的质量摩尔浓度是1 mo1/kg

  21. 4 Mole fraction (Amount-of-substance Fraction) 它表示某物质的 物质的量与混合物的总物质的量之比， 常以符号 “x” 表示，它没有单位。 Moles of A (Amount-of-substance of A) Mole fraction of A = Sum of moles of all components(组分) or nA xA = nA + nB + …

  22. Alcohol solution nH2O = 2mol nalcohol = 3mol nH2O x H2O = nalcohol +nH2O = 2/(2+3) =0.4

  23. Solutions By “Parts” • Parts per million is the number of particles of solute per one-million particles of solution. 1 ppm = 1 mg/L (10-3) • Parts per billion （十亿） is the number of particles of solute per one-billion particles of solution. 1 ppb = 1 µg/L (10-6) • Parts per trillion（万亿）is the number of particles of solute per one-trillion particles of solution. 1 ppt = 1 ng/L (10-9)

  24. 等物质的量的反应规则 • 关于浓度，细读中文书 p8-10

  25. 1- 4 Colligative Properties of Solutions 1 Vapor Pressure Lowering 2Boiling Point Elevation 3 Freezing Point Depression 4 Osmosis andOsmotic Pressure 5 The Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solution 6 Isotonic(等),Hypotonic (低), Hypertonic (高)

  26. 1-4 Colligative Properties of Solutions Two kinds of properties of a solution : The first depends on the nature of solute eg. Color、electric and the volume change The secondnot depend on the nature of solute eg. vapor pressure、 boiling point 、 freezing point and osmotic pressure

  27. colligative property: ——All these propertiesdepend on the collective effect of the number of dissolved particles rather than on the nature of the particles involved 通性 依数性 指溶液的某些性质与溶质的粒子数的多少有关， 与溶质本性无关。

  28. (1) the lowering of the vapor pressure of the solution relative to that of the pure solvent, (2) the elevation of the boiling point, (3) the depression of the freezing point, (4) the phenomenon of osmotic pressure. 依数性 难挥发性 非电解质 稀溶液 • colligative property nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte dilute solution

  29. 1-4.1 Lowering of Vapor Pressure • Evaporationis the process by which water is converted from its liquid form to its vapor form. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon - some molecules have enough kinetic energy to escape. 蒸发的2个条件： 质点的动能足够大； 运动的方向指向液体表面

  30. Condensation is the change of water from its gaseous form (water vapor) into liquid water. If the container is closed, an equilibrium is reached where an equal number of molecules return to the surface.

  31. Saturated Vapor Pressure Equilibrium: νrate evaporation= νrate condensation . • At this point the vapor is said to be saturated, and the pressure of that vapor is called the saturated vapor pressure. • The pressure of this equilibrium is called the vapor pressure .

  32. Lowering of Vapor Pressure (a)vapor pressure of pure solvent (b) vapor pressure of solution p po Δp = po- p

  33. A dilute solution : Vapor pressure (p) of is directly proportional tomole fraction of the solvent. p∝xA xA is mole of solvent The constant is the vapor pressure of pure solvent p° p = p°xA ……（经验公式） 比例系数

  34. Raoult’s law 在一定温度下，难挥发非电解质稀溶液蒸气压下降Δp与溶质的质量摩尔分数xB成正比，而与溶质的本性无关 xA+ xB =1 p = poxA = po(1- xB) = po - po xB ∴ po- p = po xB Δp = po xB Raoult’s law : Vapor pressure lowing (Δp)of a dilute solution that containing nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte is directly proportional to the amount-of-substance fraction of the solute and has nothing to do with the nature of solute.

  35. Suppose: solvent is 1000g For a dilute solutionnA>> nB， (nA+nB≈nA) Δp= KbB (1-9) 若以水为溶剂，1kgH2O中含有nB 在数值上mB≈nB mB Δp= KbB mB

  36. Δ p = K mB • Raoult’s law : Vapor pressure lowing of a dilute solution that containing nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte is directly proportional to the molality of the solution and has nothing to do with the nature of solute. Raoult’s law: 在一定温度下，难挥发非电解质稀溶液蒸气压下降Δp与溶液的质量摩尔浓度mB成正比，而与溶质的本性无关 。

  37. Δ p = K mB Raoult’s law : p solution pure solvent solution T（温度） Figure 1-1 The vapor pressure of solution 稀溶液的mB大， 粒子数目越多，溶液的p越低，Δp越大。

  38. Vapor Pressure Lowering • Describe what is happening in the pictures below. • Use the concept of vapor pressure lowering to explain this phenomenon.

  39. 1-4.2 Elevation of Boiling Point • Why? anti-freeze（防冻剂） • (or salt)? increasing the boiling point 汽车散热器中的溶液作用 保护发动机——冬季免于冰冻 ——夏季免于高温

  40. Normal Boiling Point: H2O Tb=1000C boiling PH2O=P外=101.3 kPa About solution T=1000C no boiling PH2O ≠P外 ≠101.3 kPa

  41. About solution T=1000C PH2O ≠P外 ≠101.3 kPa Figure 1-2 The vapor pressure of solution is lower

  42. Boiling Point Elevation  ΔTb = (Tb -Tb°) Tb°_ b.p. of pure solvent Tb _ b.p. solvent in solution 大量的实验得出 溶液的沸点升高与质量摩尔浓度有如下关系 ΔTb= Kb mB Kb为溶剂的摩尔沸点升高常数 Kbis different for different solvent

  43. Table 1- 1 Boiling-Point elevation and Freezing- Paint Depression Constants Solvent Formula Tb(℃) Kb Tf(℃) KfAcetic acid CH3COOH 118.1 3.07 17 3.9Benzene C6H6 80.1 2.53 5.5 4.9Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 76.7 5.03 -22.9 32Diethyl ether C4H 10O 34.7 2.02 - 116.2 1.8Ethanol C2H5OH 78.4 1.22 - 114.7 -Naphthalene C10H8 - - 80.5 6.8Water H2O 100.0 0.512 0.0 1.86 二乙醚 萘

  44. 1-4.3 Depression of Freezing Point • Freezing Point: -Temperature at which a liquid congeals(凝固) into the solid state at a given pressure. P液 =P固 凝固点 是溶剂的固相与液相平衡共存的温度

  45. Water 0 0C 　 P固相 = P液相（固-液两相共存） 0 0C以上 P固相 〉P液相 （冰溶化） 0 0C以下 P固相 〈 P液相 （水转化为冰）

  46. Freeze piont： H2O T = 0 ℃ P液=P固 0 About solution T = 0 ℃ P固≠ P液 |

  47. solution： 0℃P溶液 ＜P冰 （冰吸收热量融化，使体系温度降低） a 0.610 b Figure 1-2 The vapor pressure of solution is lower

  48. Depression of Freezing Point ΔTf •  ΔTf = ( Tf°- Tf) Tf°_ f.p. of pure solvent Tf _ f.p. solvent in solution ΔTf = Kf mB Kf is the molal freezing point depression constant of the solvent. Kf isdifferent for different solvent

  49. Table 1- 1 Boiling-Point elevation and Freezing- Paint Depression Constants Solvent Formula Tb(℃) Kb Tf(℃) KfAcetic acid CH3COOH 118.1 3.07 17 3.9Benzene C6H6 80.1 2.53 5.5 4.9Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 76.7 5.03 -22.9 32Diethyl ether C4H 10O 34.7 2.02 - 116.2 1.8Ethanol C2H5OH 78.4 1.22 - 114.7 -Naphthalene C10H8 - - 80.5 6.8Water H2O 100.0 0.512 0.0 1.86 二乙醚 萘

  50. Determining Molecular Weight (p21) [例] 取0.749g谷氨酸溶于50.0g水，测得凝固点为 －0.188℃，试求谷氨酸的摩尔质量。 解：利用公式，ΔTf＝Kf·mB 所以 M＝148（g·mol－1） 按谷氨酸的分子式[COOHCHNH2(CH2)2COOH]计算， 其摩尔质量应为147 g·mol－1。

More Related