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Chapter Six

Chapter Six. Networking Hardware. Network Interface Cards (NICs). Connectivity devices enabling a workstation, server, printer or other node to receive and transmit data over the network media Sometimes called network adapters NICs are physical and data link layer devices.

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Chapter Six

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  1. Chapter Six Networking Hardware

  2. Network Interface Cards (NICs) • Connectivity devices enabling a workstation, server, printer or other node to receive and transmit data over the network media • Sometimes called network adapters • NICs are physical and data link layer devices

  3. Network Interface Cards (NICs) Types of NICs • Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) • MicroChannel Architecture (MCA) • Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) • Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) FIGURE 6-1 Four primary bus architectures

  4. Network Interface Cards (NICs) • NICs may connect to interfaces other than a PC’s bus. For example: • For laptop computers, Personal Computer Memory Card International Association slots may be used to connect NICs • PCMCIA • Also called PC card • Developed in the early 1990s to provide a standard interface for connecting any type of device to a portable computer

  5. Network Interface Cards (NICs) FIGURE 6-3 Typical PCMCIA NIC FIGURE 6-4 Parallel port NIC

  6. Network Interface Cards (NICs) FIGURE 6-5 Wireless NIC and transceiver FIGURE 6-6 Ethernet NICs for printers

  7. Network Interface Cards (NICs) • Installing NICs • Installing hardware • Configuring software • Installing driver—software the tells OS how to communicate with NIC • Specifying IRQ, memory range, I/O port • Configuring firmware • Utilities supplied with NIC that enables you to write configuration changes to the EPROM chip on the NIC card

  8. Installing and Configuring NIC Software • After NIC is physically installed, restart the PC • The driver for the NIC card must be installed and configuration information entered

  9. Repeaters • Connectivity device that regenerates and amplifies an analog or digital signal FIGURE 6-14 Repeater

  10. Hubs • Multiport repeater containing one port that connects to a network’s backbone and multiple ports that connect to a group of workstations

  11. Passive hubs Only repeats signal Active hubs Regenerate or amplify signal Intelligent hubs Possesses processing capabilities Standalone Hubs Serves a workgroup of computers that are separated from the rest of the network Stackable Hubs Designed to be linked with other hubs in a single telecommunications closet Hubs

  12. Modular Hubs andIntelligent Hubs • Modular hub • Provide a number of interface options within one chassis • Connection point for networks using with different cabling, e.g., 10base2 and 10baseT • Intelligent hubs • Also called managed hubs • MIB (management information base) • Collection of data used by management programs to analyze network performance

  13. Choosing the Right Hub • Performance • Cost • Size and growth • Security • Management benefits • Reliability

  14. Bridges • Reduce network traffic bottleneck • Regenerate signals to extend network lengths • Operate at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model because they have to read packet addresses

  15. Bridges • Filtering database • Collection of data created and used by a bridge that correlates the MAC addresses of connected workstations with their locations • Also known as a forwarding table Segment 1 Bridge Segment 2

  16. Bridges • Transparent Bridging • Method used on most Ethernet networks • Source Route Bridging • Method used on most Token Ring networks • Translation Bridging • Method that can connect Token Ring and Ethernet networks

  17. Switches • Switches subdivide a network into smaller logical pieces • Collision domain • Portion of a LAN encompassing devices that may cause and detect collisions among their group • Switches are layer 2 devices

  18. Switches • Switch Methods • Cut-through mode—switch reads only the header to determine where to forward the packet. • Store and forward mode—switch reads the entire packet and checks for accuracy before forwarding

  19. Using Switches to Create VLANs • Virtual local area networks (VLANs) • Means by which a switch can logically group a number of ports into a broadcast domain

  20. Higher-Layer Switches • Switch capable of interpreting Layer 3 is called a Layer 3 switch • Switch capable of interpreting Layer 4 is called a Layer 4 switch • Higher-layer switches may also be called routing switches or application switches

  21. Routers • Routers connect two or more networks • Consist of hardware and software • Hardware • Network server, separate computer, special black box • Physical interface for various networks • Software • Operating system and Routing protocol • Routers operated at the Network layer

  22. Routers • Can connect dissimilar LANs and WANs running at different transmission speeds and using a variety of protocols • Read the network address information in a packet • Calculates the optimal path to a particular network • Reroute packets if a path is not available • Routing tables stored in the router list all known addresses and possible paths

  23. How do Routers Select Routes • Dynamic route selection • Routers continually adjusts the routes based on network conditions • Static route selection • Route is designated in a table and router cannot vary from that route

  24. Router Features and Functions • Filter out broadcast transmission to alleviate network congestion • Prevent certain types of traffic from getting to a network • Provide high network fault tolerance through redundant components • Monitor network traffic and report statistics to a MIB • Diagnose internal or other connectivity problems and trigger alarms

  25. Routers

  26. Routing Protocols • Means by which routers communicate with each other about network status • Routing protocol characteristics • Convergence time • The time it takes for a router to recognize a best path in the event of a change or outage • Bandwidth overhead • Burden placed on an underlying network to support the routing protocol

  27. Routing Protocols • RIP (Routing Information Protocol) for IP and IPX • OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) for IP • Best path refers to the most efficient route from one node on a network to another • EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) for IP, IPX, and AppleTalk • BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) for IP

  28. Brouters and Routing Switches • Bridge router • Also called a brouter • Industry term used to describe routers that take on some characteristics of bridges • Routing switch • Another term for a Layer 3 or Layer 4 switch

  29. Gateways • Combination of networking hardware and software that connects two dissimilar kinds of networks • E-mail gateway • IBM host gateway • Internet gateway • LAN gateway

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