Ultrasonic Cavitation and Piezonuclear Reactions

1. Ultrasonic Cavitation and Piezonuclear Reactions Cardone Fabio1,Cherubini Giovanni3, Mignani Roberto2, 4, Perconti Walter5,Pessa Eliano6, Petrucci Andrea1, 4, Rosetto Francesca3, Spera Guido71Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN — CNR) 2GNFM, Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica “F.Severi” 3ARPA Radiation Laboratories 4Dipartimento di Fisica “E.Amaldi” , Università degli Studi “Roma Tre” 5Climate and Applied Meteorology, ISPRA, 6Centro Interdipartimentale di Scienze Cognitive, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy7CRA - IS.Pa.Ve., Chemical Section SOPO2012 8th International Symposium on Cavitation Singapore,13th - 16th August 2012

2. Piezonuclear Reactions:Nuclear Reactionsinduced by Pressure • Pressuresuitably exerted on medium or heavyweightstable nuclides generates nuclear reactions of new type with clear and reproducible emission of neutrons. What does pressure suitably excerted mean? Piezonuclear Reactions and Deformed Special Relativity • Piezonuclear Reactions are predicted by the phenomenological theory called Deformed Special Relativity (DSR) (F. Cardone, R. Mignani) • 1 • DSR states that piezonuclear reactions are triggered if in a experiment involving-medium or heavyweightstable nuclides one succeeds in concentrating - an amount of energyEgreater than 367.5GeV - in a microscopical region of spaceVsmaller than a threshold volume V0 - and in an interval of timet shorter than a threshold interval t0

3. Concentrate E > 367.5 GeV in a microscopical space V < V0 in an interval of timet < t0 How do we translate these conditions into experiment ? Compressing mechanism A compressingmechanism is needed capable of concentrating and hence amplifying (E > 367.5 GeV) energy density by squeezing heavy or medium weight stable nuclides into a decreasing volume (V < V0) Catastrophic collapse followed by a sudden, quick and catastrophicmechanism capable of a furthercompression that releasesinstantaneously (t < t0) the loaded energy onto the entrapped nuclides

4. Cavitation as source of compression and catastrophic collapse • If pressure excerted on a liquid falls below the liquid vapour pressure, vapour bubbles form, conversely a rapid increase of pressure brings about a violent collapse of these bubbles. • These phenomena are known to pitmetals and are source of corrosion. • The pitted surface of metals indicates that the collapse of bubbles induced by a sudden increase of pressure manages to concentrate in small volumes a great amount of energy, i.e. to create particularly high energy density conditions.

5. Ultrasonic Cavitationexperimentsand their piezonuclearevidences

6. First set of experiments(1999) Cavitation of water - concentrations of elementsCould cavitation of water change the concentration of the chemical elements contained in it? • liquid: 100 mlbidistilleddeionisedH2O in optical flint glass • ultrasound device: with cooledtransducers and sonotrode and stepped shaped titaniumhorn • frequency and power: 20 kHz630 W • time: 210 minutes • Comparison of concentrations before and after cavitation • decrease of light elements and increase of heavy ones, • uranium in particular • analyses of the concentration of elements (Z= 1 to 92) in waterbefore and aftercavitation by • mass atomic absorption • cyclotron spectrometry (ICR-ion cyclotron resonance) • mass spectrometry • analyses of the vacuumchamber of these instruments • analyses of possible contributions to concentration changes due to impurities • from sonotrode tip, flint glass, dry residue of water samples

7. Second set of experiments(2001) Cavitation of water - concentrations of heavy elements Could cavitation bring about variations of the concentration of chemical elements contained in it? • liquid: 30 mlbidistilleddeionisedH2O in pyrex vessel • ultrasound device: notcooledtransducers and stepped shaped aluminiumhorn • frequency and power: 20 kHz300 W • time: 4intervals of 10 munites of cavitation with cooling intervals of 15 minutes between any two of them • analyses of the concentration of elements (A= 210 to 270 amu) in waterbefore (blank) and aftercavitation plus analyses of the background (content of the vacuum chamber) Comparison of concentrations before and after cavitation Increase in the mass range 210 - 238 Increase and then decrease in the mass range 238 - 270 (radionuclides)

8. Third set of experiments(2002) Cavitation of water - concentrations of radionuclides Search for artificial radionuclides • liquid: 300 mlofbidistilleddeionisedH2O in pyrex beaker • ultrasound device: notcooledtransducers and stepped shaped aluminiumhorn • frequency and power: 20 kHz100 W • time: intervals of 15 munites of cavitation followed by cooling intervals of 15 minutes • analyses of the concentration of elements (90 to 150 and 200 to 255 amu) in waterbefore (blank), after and duringcavitation by • peristaltic pump that sucked water into an • Inducted Coupled Plasma(ICP)Mass Spectrometer (MS) (9000 °C) • analyses of noise (vacuum chamber) • analyses scanning times: 10 sec and 150 sec Analysis of the concentrations during cavitation the ICP-MS identified a mass of 137.93 amu whose concentration cycled: appearance, increase, decrease, disappearance. Interpeted as a radionuclide with t1/2=12s Europium 138

9. From: cavitation of bidistilled deionised waterandsearch for changes of concentration To: Cavitation of solutions of elements and search for neutrons

10. Fourth set of experiments(2005) Cavitation of solutions - neutron search - bubble detectorsDoes the variation of concentration of elements in cavitation mean also emission of neutrons and gamma rays ? • liquid: 250 - 500 mlof1 ppm solutions of Lithium, Aluminium, Iron (LiCl, AlCl3, FeCl3, Fe(NO)3) in bidistilleddeionisedH2O in bottles of Schott Duran Glass • ultrasound device: modified ultrasonic plastic welder with transducers and sonotrode cooled by cold compressed air and a steelconicalfrustumas horn • frequency and power: 20 kHz100 W • time: 90 minutes of continuous cavitation Neutrons only from Iron solutions after 40 minutes - no gamma rays

11. Fifth set of experiments(2006) Cavitation of solutions - neutron search - bubble detectorsDoes the variation of concentration of elements in cavitation mean also emission of neutrons and gamma? • liquid: 250 ml of1 ppm, 10 ppm solutions of Iron (FeCl3, Fe(NO)3) in bidistilleddeionisedH2O in bottles of Schott Duran Glass • ultrasound device: modified ultrasonic plastic welder with transducers and sonotrode cooled by cold compressed air and a steelconicalfrustumas horn • frequency and power: 20 kHz100 W and 130 W • time: 90 minutes of continuous cavitation Different neutron doses and dose rates for different concentrations of iron and different ultrasound powersno gamma rays

12. Different neutron doses and dose rates for different concentrations and different ultrasound powers Graph of graphs In each single graph there is time on the horizontal axis and neutron dose (nSv) on the vertical axis. On the compound graph we have amplitude or power on the horizontal axis and concentration on the vertical axis.

13. Fifth set of experiments(2006) Cavitation of solutions - neutron search - track detectors • liquid: 250 ml of10 ppm solutions of Iron (FeCl3) in bidistilleddeionisedH2O in bottles of Schott Duran Glass • frequency and power: 20 kHz130 W • time: 90 minutes of continuous cavitation CR39 detectorsandbubble detectors CR39 detectorsNeutron tracks from nuclear reactor and from cavitation of iron solution

14. Sixth set of experiments(2007) Cavitation of solutions - neutron search - BF3 • liquid: 250 ml of1000 ppm solutions of Iron (FeCl3) in bidistilleddeionisedH2O in bottles of Schott Duran Glass • frequency and power: 20 kHz113 W • time: 90 minutes of continuous cavitation plus 90 with ultrasound off Bursts of neutronsdetected by the Boron Trifluoride detector

15. Burst of neutrons emitted by the solution of iron during cavitation Time coincidence of bursts of neutrons registered by BF3 and bubble detector

16. From liquids to solids • Basic requirements: the presence of micro-cavities (bubbles) that transform an ultrasonic wave into a shock wave and presence of iron • Cavitation is the experimental mean in order to bring about piezonuclear reactions • During bubble collapse iron atoms, entrapped in the liquid/vapour (gas) interface, get accelerated towards each other Solids, like iron-rich rocks or cast iron, do contain micro-cavities as well Could we imagine that the same processes that happen during cavitation of liquids, as we have seen so far, might take place if wecompressed solids? • Experimentalevidences Compression by ultrasounds of iron-rich rocks (Granite, Basalt) or of steel bars (that contain micro-cavities) produce cavitation that generates piezonuclear reactions with emissions of bursts of neutrons, transmutations and emission of alpha particles without any gamma rays

17. Conclusions and remarks • It exists cavitation and it exists Nuclear Cavitation • E > 367.5 GeV , V < V0 , t < t0 • crucial dimensions and crucial reciprocal positionof thesonotrodeand the cavitation chamber (no ultrasonic cleaners) • no emission of neutrons before 40 minutes (unless you use solids) • THESEneutrons are difficult to be measured • anisotropic bursts are very hard to be detected (by active detectors above all) • bubble detectors like the ones we used (called DEFENDERS) are no more available from BTI and the available ones called (BD) are not sensitive enough for neutron emission from liquids, but they are good for neutron emisson from solids • alpha emissions are easier to be detected • but not in liquids because alpha particles cannot escape from the cavitation chamber • solids have to be used

18. Thank you very muchfor your attention!

19. Cavitation as source of compression and catastrophic collapse Cavitation as source of compression and catastrophic collapse • If pressure excerted on a liquid falls below the liquid vapour pressure, vapour bubbles form, conversely a rapid increase of pressure brings about a violent collapse of these bubbles. • These phenomena are known to pitmetals and are source of corrosion. • The pitted surface of metals indicated that the collapse of bubbles induced by a sudden increase of pressure managed to concentrate in small volumes a great amount of energy, i.e. to create particularly high energy density conditions. • If pressure excerted on a liquid falls below the liquid vapour pressure, vapour bubbles form, conversely a rapid increase of pressure brings about a violent collapse of these bubbles. • These phenomena are known to pitmetals and are source of corrosion. • The pitted surface of metals indicated that the collapse of bubbles induced by a sudden increase of pressure managed to concentrate in small volumes a great amount of energy, i.e. to create particularly high energy density conditions. WARNING: Piezonuclear reactions are NOTSonofusion • Sonofusion • theory: sonofusion is thermonuclear fusion in a tiny region of space inside the collapsing bubble. Coulomb barrier is to be overcome • Piezonuclear reactions • theory: Piezonuclear reactions have neither to do with fusion nor with fission. They are based on the concept of Local Lorentz Invariance breakdown space-time deformation. No Coulomb barrier • phenomenology: sonofusion treats the walls of the bubble as a impermeable membrane.The bubble is a piston. Nuclear fuel is contained in the bubble • phenomenology: the walls of the bubble are treated as a completely permeable membrane through which the content of the bubble can escape during collapse. Nuclear fuel is trapped in the wall of the bubble that behaves like an accelerator of heavy ions that are forcibly pushed against each other • experiment: sonofusion is aimed at producing deuterium-deuterium fusion, • experiment: The fuel of these reactions are basically all stable nuclides and in particular those whose binding energy per nucleon is, in absolute value, as close as possible to the maximum.

20. Further evidences from solids - ultrasound Cylindrical Bars: 20 cm high, 2 cm of diameter 19 Watt transferred into the bar 1 hour of application of ultrasound

21. Further evidences from solidscontinuous compression Compression by a servo-controlled press of specimens of granite and marble up brittle fracture

22. 367.5 GeV is enormous from a microscopical point of view and still very big from a macroscopical one because of the Avogadro constant • 100 J/s  6·1020 eV/s 6·1020 / NA 1·10-3 eV/s·atom • 367.5 GeV easily reachable by adding the mass energy of the nuclides