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APEC and Innovation: Lessons to Learn from Europe

APEC and Innovation: Lessons to Learn from Europe . By Yumiko Okamoto and Yukiko Fukasaku ASCC 2012, Kazan, Russia May 26-27, 2012. Outline of the paper. Background of the study Objective of the Study Findings 3.1 S&T capacity, collaboration, and APEC region

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APEC and Innovation: Lessons to Learn from Europe

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  1. APEC and Innovation: Lessons to Learn from Europe By Yumiko Okamoto and Yukiko Fukasaku ASCC 2012, Kazan, Russia May 26-27, 2012

  2. Outline of the paper • Background of the study • Objective of the Study • Findings 3.1 S&T capacity, collaboration, and APEC region 3.2 Overview of EU’s S&T Co-operation 4. Conclusion---Lessons to Learn from Europe(?)

  3. 1. Background of the study (1) • APEC leaders agreed in 2011 that the generation and commercialization of new ideas is vital to regional prosperity and have made the promotion of innovation as a driver of trade, economic integration, supply-chain performance and green growth a top priority for 2012.

  4. 1. Background of the study (2) • As part of the process, APEC leaders also agreed to encourage co-operation and interaction among researchers and laboratories, including through joint research and development, in order to accelerate innovations that can be applied to address the common challenges APEC economies face.

  5. 2. Objective of the Study (1) To examine the trends in the S&T capacity of the Asia-Pacific region, and the degree in which APEC members engage in regional research co-operation and collaboration, • To obtain an overview of EU experience in regional research co-operation and collaboration, and • To learn some lessons from EU.

  6. 3.1 S&T capacity, collaboration, and APEC region • S&T input measures ・R&D expenditure as percentage of GDP ・Researchers per thousand workers (2) S&T output measures ・ Academic articles per million population (3) S&T collaboration measures ・　Indexof international collaboration (*)

  7. * The index of international collaboration between country A and country B = country A’s collaboration with country B ------------------------------------------------------ country A’s international collaboration ________________________________________________ country B’s international collaboration --------------------------------------------------- world international collaboration papers

  8. R&D expenditure as percentage of GDP

  9. Researchers per thousand workers

  10. Academic articles per million population

  11. Average Percentage Changes in the International Collaboration Index in the Asia-Pacific Region between 1998 and 2008 (%)

  12. Average Percentage Changes in the Collaboration Indexes in EU between 1998 and 2008 (%)

  13. 3.2 Overview of EU’s S&T Co-operation 3.2.1 EU S&T co-operation and collaboration- why and how 3.2.2 Early developments 3.2.3 Bottom-up approaches for research collaboration: COST and EUREKA 3.2.4 Framework Programmes (FP) 3.2.5 Moving towards European research Area

  14. 3.2.1 Co-operation and collaboration in Research and innovation in the European Union - why and how • No single country offers sufficient resources to be competitive on the world scale • Strengthen competitiveness of member countries through cross border co-operation and collaboration • Gather critical mass and avoid fragmentation • Diverse array of instruments created, notably Framework Programmes • Moving towards borderless European Research Area INNOVMOND

  15. 3.2.2 Early developments • 1957 treaty establishing EEC encouraged actions towards integrated community. • Research considered as one area. • Research organisations established. • CERN (European Nuclear Research Centre, 1954) • EMBO (European Molecular Biology Organisation, 1964) INNOVMOND

  16. 3.2.3 Bottom-up approaches for research collaboration: COST and EUREKA • COST (European Co-operation in Science and Technology, 1971-) • Inter-governmental platform for collaborative projects involving at least 5 European countries • Projects proposed and funded by researchers and their organisations • Joint activities funded by COST. • EUREKA (1985-) • Intergovernmental network to support market oriented research and innovation projects, • By enterprises (SMEs encouraged), research institutes and universities from at least two countries, who also raise funds, • Expected to facilitate joint industrial standards, eliminate technical obstacles to trade, open up public procurement. INNOVMOND

  17. 3.2.4 Framework Programmes (FP) 1984 - • During 1980s, research and innovation became explicit part of integration policy. • Single European Act (1987): “to strengthen the scientific and technological basis of European industry and to encourage it to become more competitive at international level…” • Provided legal basis for multi-annual Framework Programmes to be adopted by the Council. INNOVMOND

  18. FP (2) • Programme details discussed by governments, stakeholder groups, European Commission and adopted by Council, • Research funding scheme for pre-competitive collaborative research • ‘Collaborative projects’ for undertaking research • ‘Networks of excellence’ to support long-term co-operation • Periodic calls for tender on specific themes, • Proposals by consortia of partners from at least three member or associated states. INNOVMOND

  19. FP (3) increasing budgets INNOVMOND

  20. FP(4) : FP7 2007-2013 • Collaborative research more than 50% of budget • But also • “Ideas”:basic research, 15% • “People”:cross-border, cross-sector mobility, 10% • “Capacities”: research infrastructures, regional clusters and international co-operation with third countries, 10% • Nine thematic priorities for collaborative research: • Food, agriculture and biotechnology; ICT; nano-sciences, nano-technologies, materials and new production technologies; energy; environment; transport; socio-economic sciences and the humanitics; security and space. INNOVMOND

  21. FP(5) – achievements and assessments • Cross-border collaboration enabled pooling or resources to create critical mass in research, • Business participation leveraged private investments in research, • Collaboration enhanced training and international mobility, • Research co-operation addressed fragmentation and facilitated co-ordination of national policies, • Promoted research in areas of strategic interest to Europe, and addressing major common socio-economic challenges, INNOVMOND

  22. Continued • Participating enterprises tend to be more innovative, more likely to patent and co-operate with other firms and universities. • International co-publication of peer-reviewed scientific publications coming out of FP research increased. • Thousands of researchers crossed borders. • Many co-operation links between academia, industry and public research institutions were formed • Average number of participating member states in project increased, counter-acting fragmentation • Some research areas of FP now at scientific frontier, e.g., quantum computing, stratospheric ozone research, solar energy. INNOVMOND

  23. 3.2.5 Moving towards European Research Area (1) • Launched in 2000, brings together all instruments of research and innovation co-operation and collaboration • To create European level open space for knowledge where researchers, businesses and research institutions are able to circulate, compete and co-operate across borders. • Integrates existing instruments, FP, COST, EUREKA, etc. • And newer instruments: • ERC (European Research Council) to fund basic research as part of FP, • EIT (European Institute of Innovation and Technology), establishes Knowledge and Innovation Communities linking higher education, research and business sectors to boost innovation and entrepreneurship INNOVMOND

  24. 3.2.5 Moving towards European Research Area (2) • Also co-ordinating instruments • ETP (European Technology Platforms, 2002-) • Loose or more formal networks to develop shared long-term visions and strategic research agendas, • Dialogue between industry, public researchers, government enhances cross-sector co-ordination, avoids duplication of research, promotes best practice • Contributed to design of FP7 priorities, production of standards, reviews of regulatory frameworks • Partnership initiatives by member states for co-ordination in • Improving working conditions of researchers and enhancing mobility • Developing world-class European research infrastructures, • Promoting knowledge transfer between public research and industry • Enhancing international co-operation in science and technology INNOVMOND

  25. 4 Conclusion: Lessons from Europe? • Diverse range of instruments of co-operation, collaboration and co-ordination developed over decades, • Enabled creation of critical mass, avoiding fragmentation, enhancing mobility, cross-sector and cross-border networks • Present models that APEC could modify and adapt to develop its own instruments? INNOVMOND

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