Course Name: English Grammar ( 英文文法 )

1. Course Name:English Grammar (英文文法) • 句子的形成與種類 • 動詞的句型與時態 • 完成式、助動詞 • 語態、不定詞 • 動名詞、分詞 • 比較、關係詞 • 疑問詞與疑問句 • 假設語氣、引述 • 名詞構句、無生物主詞、否定 • 強調、倒裝、插入、省略、同位語 • 名詞、冠詞、代名詞 • 形容詞、副詞 • 介系詞、連接詞

2. 句子的形成 詞：冠詞、名詞、動詞、介系詞、代名詞、副詞、連接詞、感嘆詞、助動詞、形容詞 Article Noun Verb Preposition Pronoun Adverb Conjunction Interjection Auxiliary-verb Adjective 片語：由兩個以上的詞組成，在句中當一個詞性來使用，且不含「主詞＋述語動詞」 部分的詞組。 ＊Stars twinkle brightly in the night sky. 子句：由兩個以上的詞組成，在句中當一個詞性來使用，且含「主詞＋述語動詞」部 分的詞組。 ＊ I saw the Southern Cross when I stayed in Australia. 句子：一個句子的意義要能夠成立，必須有「主詞、述語動詞、受詞、補語、 修飾語（可修飾前面四個）」。Subject Verb Object Complement ＊ The man said to me softly and clearly, “Well, you may be right.”

3. 主詞和述語(主要)動詞: ＊ Welaughed. ＊ My fatheris a teacher. ＊ A little dogis running toward me. 受詞: ＊ My father boughta new car. ＊ My sister boughtme this pendant. 補語: ＊ His mother is a lawyer. ＊ The news made ussad. 修飾語: ＊ The tallboy carried a boxfull of books. ＊ I sometimesstudybefore breakfast. 句子的要素 可作為主詞： 名詞、名詞片語、名詞子句 代名詞 可作為受詞： 名詞、名詞片語、名詞子句 代名詞 可作為補語： 名詞、名詞片語、名詞子句 形容詞、形容詞片語、形容詞子句 代名詞 可作為修飾語： 形容詞、形容詞片語、形容詞子句 副詞、副詞片語、副詞子句

4. 英語的詞序 中文詞序較自由 英文詞序相當固定 「主詞＋動詞＋其他要素」 句子的種類 • 直述句（肯定句與否定句） • 疑問句（Yes/No & WH-） • 命令句 • 感嘆句

5. 直述句 ＊ My sister is a college student. My sister is not an office worker. ＊ We go to school even on Saturdays. We do not go to school even on Saturdays. ＊ My brother can swim very fast. My sister cannot swim very fast. 句中含有be動詞（am, are, is等），其否定的詞序為「be動詞＋not」 句中為一般動詞，其否定的詞序為「do/dose/did＋not＋動詞原形」 句中含助動詞（can, will等），其否定的詞序為「助動詞＋not＋動詞原形」 否定的縮寫： are not→ aren’t is not → isn’t was not→ wasn’t were not→ weren’t have not→ haven’t has not→ hasn’t had not→ hadn’t do not→ don’t does not→ doesn’t did not→ didn’t cannot→ can’t could not→ couldn’t will not→ won’t would not→ wouldn’t need not→ needn’t must not→ mustn’t should not→ shouldn’t 主詞＋be動詞的縮寫： I am→ I’m we are→ we’re you are→ you’re he is→ he’s she is→ she’s it is→ it’s they are→ they’re

6. 疑問句 Yes/No疑問句的句首，通常不是 be動詞就是助動詞，而且都以Yes或No作答。 含be動詞的疑問句詞序為「be動詞＋主詞」 含一般動詞的疑問句詞序為 「Do/Does/Did＋主詞＋動詞原形」 含助動詞的疑問句詞序為 「助動詞＋主詞＋動詞原形」 英文的疑問詞有who, what, which, when, where, why, how等。 當疑問詞為句子的主詞時，詞序是 「疑問詞＋動詞」 當疑問詞不為句子的主詞時，詞序是 「疑問詞＋be動詞/助動詞＋主詞」 Yes/No 疑問句 ＊ Are you hungry? Yes, Iam. ＊ Do you know her name? Yes, I do. ＊ Can you play the piano? No, I can’t. WH-問句 ＊ Who painted this picture? My father did. ＊ What are you doing? I’m waiting for Mike. ＊ When did you hear about the accident? This morning. ＊ When will he come home? I don’t know. Yes/No疑問句，句尾語調通常是上揚的↗； WH-問句，句尾語調通常是下降的↘。

7. 命令句、感嘆句 ＊ Be careful! ＊ Wait for me. ＊ Don’t be so noisy! ＊ Don’t worry. ＊ How kind you are! ＊ How fast you eat! ＊ What a beautiful stone this is! ＊ What expensive clothes she has! 表現命令的句子要以動詞原形做開頭。 否定的命令句詞序為「Don’t＋動詞原形」 感嘆句的句首通常是how或what，句尾再加上 感嘆號。 how開頭的感嘆句詞序為 「How＋形容詞/副詞＋主詞＋動詞」 what開頭的感嘆句詞序為 What (a/an) ＋形容詞＋名詞＋主詞＋動詞

8. 測驗 • Check 1 請將下列句子改為否定句。 • I am a student at this school. • He knows your sister very well. • I will be at home this evening. • Check 2 請在空格內填入適當的英文。 • □ □ like pop music? Yes, I do. • □ □ angry last night? No, he wasn’t. • □ broke the glass? I did. • □ are you going? To the city hall. • Check 3 請配合中文語意，在空格內填入適當的英文。 • 不可以摘這些花。□ pick these flowers. • 圖書館裡要安靜。□ quiet in the library. • 那位老師說話的速度真快！□ fast that teacher speaks! • 這真是個簡單的問題！□ □ easy problem □ □!

9. 動詞的用法 表動作、狀態的詞語稱為動詞。動詞用於句子當中，有及物動詞(Verb transitive)與不及物動詞(Verb intransitive) 之分。當及物動詞使用時，後面一定要直接接受詞。 ＊ He didn’t move. ＊ He didn’t move the desk. 動詞的形式 動詞的形式須配合以下幾項因素做變化： 發生於何時 ? 主詞是第幾人稱 ? 主詞是單數還是複數 ? ＊ I had a headache yesterday. (have→had) ＊ My brother likes surfing. (like→likes)

10. 動詞與句型 • 所謂的句型，就是以主詞S、動詞V、受詞O、補語C四個要素 • 來表示句子的結構。 • SV＊ The storeopens at ten. • SVC＊ The moviewasfunny. • SVO＊ Wecleanedthe classroom. • SVOO＊ My fatherboughtmea watch. • SVOC＊ Theymademeangry. • SVO+to/for+O＊ My unclegavehis watchtome. • There+be 動詞+S＊ Thereisa cat under the table.

11. 測驗 • Check 1 注意句中畫線部分的動詞，將各句譯成中文。 • A big car stopped in front of my house. • The driver stopped the car. • Don’t play on the street. • Let’s play tennis after school. • Check 2 請說出畫線部分是補語還是受詞。 • Did you get my fax? • The teacher got angry with him. • We became friends at university. • He has a lot of friends all over the world. • Check 3 請指出句中的受詞。 • Ms. Kim teaches us math. • He gave me some magazines. • I got a letter from him. • Check 4 請將下列句子譯成中文。 • We call the dog Max. • Our coach made her the team’s captain. • You will find this book easy.

12. 動詞與時態

13. 現在式 • 表示現在狀態＊ l love chocolate ice cream. • 表示現在反覆動作＊ I always drink coffee at breakfast. • 表示一般事實＊ The earth goes around the sun. 現在進行式 • 表示動作正在進行＊ Jack is playing tennis with Bob now.＊ Jack plays tennis every Sunday. ~ 現在式

14. 過去式 • 表示過去狀態＊ The store was full of young people last week. • 表示過去反覆動作＊ I usually rode my bicycle to school. • 表示動作過去發生過一次＊ We went to a concert last night. 過去進行式 • 表示過去某個時間點動作正在進行＊ I was watching TV around noon.＊ I was coughing all night long.

15. 未來式 • 以 will 表示單純未來、意志未來＊ My brother will be twenty next year.＊ I will give you my answer tomorrow. • 以 be going to 表示主詞的計畫、詢問對方的計畫、確實會發生的事＊ I’m going to buy a digital camera.＊ Are you going to study abroad next year?＊ It’sgoing to rain. 未來進行式 • 以 will be V-ing 表示未來某個時間點進行中的動作、未來某個時間點預定要做的動作＊ We will be playing tennis at this time tomorrow.＊ I will be meeting him at the airport next week.

16. 測驗 • Check 1 請將括弧內的動詞改為現在式或現在進行式。 • This orange (taste) bad; it (be) not good to eat. • Mary (play) a piece by Bach on the piano now; she (like) music very much. • The sun (rise) in the east and (set) in the west. • My sister usually (wear) contact lenses, but she (wear) glasses today. • Check 2 請將括弧內的動詞改為適當形式。 • I wanted to be a sailor when I (be) a boy. • My grandfather often (tell) me interesting stories in my childhood. • He ran to the station and (catch) the last train. • I (watch) TV when you called me. • Check 3 請配合中文語意，在空格內填入適當的英文。 • 「好痛！我切到手指了！」「我去拿急救箱給你！」“Ouch! I cut my finger!” “I □ get a first-aid kit for you!” • 今年八月我會搬去西班牙，所以我需要學西班牙語。I need to learn Spanish because I □ □ □ move to Spain this August. • 明天的這個時候，他們會舉行宴會吧！At this time tomorrow they □ □ having a party.

17. 現在完成式 • 現在完成式是將過去與現在的狀況連結，因此使用現在完成式時，與現在的狀況關聯性甚高。 • 形式：「have/has＋過去分詞」 • 表示完結或結果 ＊ I have already spent all my money.＊ Henry has just finished his homework. • 表示經驗 ＊ I have visited London twice.＊ Have you ever climbed Mt. Ali? • 表示持續 ＊ We have lived in this house since 1992.＊ I have known Greg for 20 years.

18. 會話中常用的縮寫： I have→ I’ve you have→ you’ve he has→ he’s she has→ she’s we have→ we’ve they have→ they’ve 過去式與現在完成式 ＊ My father gave up alcohol. ＊ My father has given up alcohol. 現在完成進行式 • 形式：「have/has＋been＋V-ing」 • 表示動作持續＊ I have been doing this puzzle for 30 minutes. ＊ How long have you been waiting here?

19. 過去完成式 • 過去完成式是將過去的某個時間點與該時間點以前一起聯想。 • 形式：「had＋過去分詞」 • 表示完結或結果＊ The game had already begun when we arrived at the stadium. • 表示經驗＊ I had never spoken to a foreigner before I entered college. • 表示持續＊ They had known each other for ten years when they got married.

20. 會話中常用的縮寫： I had→ I’d you had→ you’d he had→ he’d she had→ she’d we had→ we’d they had→ they’d • 表示兩突發事件時間前後關係 ＊ I realized that I had left my umbrella in his car. 過去完成進行式 • 形式：「had＋been＋V-ing」 • 表示動作持續＊ I had been driving for two hours when I found the gas station.

21. 未來完成式 • 未來完成式用於從現在到未來某個時間點的狀況一直相關時的預測。形式：「will＋have＋過去分詞」 • 表示完結或結果 ＊ The concert will have finished by three. • 表示經驗 ＊ I will have seen the musical three times if I see it again. • 表示持續 ＊ Next month we will have been married for twenty years. 未來完成式進行式 • 形式：「will＋have＋been＋V-ing」 • 表示動作持續＊ Next year I will have been working at the company for 30 years.

22. 測驗 • Check 1 請配合中文語意，填入適當的英文。 • 我還沒寫聖誕卡。I □ not □ my Christmas cards yet. • 我收到他的電子郵件。 • I □ □ an e-mail from him. • 你曾經去過國外嗎？□ you □ been abroad? • 你來台灣多久了？How □have you □in Taiwan? • 雨已經下了一個星期。It □ □ raining for a week. • Check 2 請由括弧中選出正確的答案。 • The last bus (has already left / had already left) when I reached the bus stop. • I (have been/ had been) abroad three times before I was twenty. • Judy (has been living / had been living) in this country since last year. • He (was reading / had been reading) the novel for two hours before I called him. • Check 3 請將括弧內的動詞改為適當形式。 • I (finish) my homework by the time the TV program begins. • I (see) the movies five times if I go to see it again. • Jack (is sick) in bed for two weeks by tomorrow.

23. 為何會有助動詞 ＊ He swims well. 是表示「他實際在游泳，而且游得很好」的事實。 ＊ He can swim well. 是表達主詞具有的能力，意指「提到游泳，他可以游得很好」， 而不是實際在游的問題。 助動詞的作用 表示說法者的主觀判斷。其詞序為「助動詞＋動詞原形」

24. 助動詞的基本意義 不能can’t/ couldn’t 不會 be not able to / wasn’t able to 不可能may not / might not 將不會won’t / wouldn’t 不應該shall not / shouldn’t、ought not to 不可以mustn’t、don’t have to 不曾used not to 不需要 needn’t 最好不 had better not 能can / could 會be able to / was able to 可能may / might 將會will / would 應該shall / should、ought to 必須must、have to 過去經常　used to 需要need 最好had better

25. 你開車一定要取得駕照。 ＊You have to get a license to drive a car. 你不必在這裡脫鞋。 ＊You don’t have to take off your shoes here. 我們應該節約能源。 ＊ We ought to save energy. 他們不應該將那孩子獨自留在家裡。 ＊They ought not to leave that child alone in the house. 我從前下班後就會去健身房，但現在沒有了。 ＊ I used to go to gym after work, but now I don’t. 我以前就不喝咖啡。 ＊ I used not to drink coffee. 你最好向警察通報這件意外事故。 ＊ You had better report the accident to the police. 這個秘密你最好別告訴任何人。 ＊ You had better not tell this secret to anyone.

26. 助動詞的使用歸納 表示能力、可能：can / be able to 表示過去的能力、可能：could / was able to 表示許可、請求：can / may 表示義務、需要：must / have to表示義務、強制：should / ought to表示忠告：had better表示可能性、推測：can / could / may / might / will / would 表示確認：must / can’t 表示推測、計畫：should / ought to 表示意志：will / would 表示習慣：will / would 表示請求：will / would 詢問對方意願：shall 表示過去的習慣、狀態：used to

27. 語態 何種場合要用被動語態─先確認主角 ＊ My sister isn’t very good at driving. Yesterday she insisted on driving my car, and she almost ran over an old dog! ＊ We keep a dog named Fido. Fido is an old dog and can’t move quickly. He was almost run over by a car yesterday. 被動語態的基本句型 「被動的一方＋be動詞＋過去分詞＋（by 做動作的一方） 」 ☆被動語態的句子要用及物動詞

28. 主動語態與被動語態 My brotherrepairedthis car. S V O This carwas repairedby my brother S V by … MarysentJima Christmas card. S V O O Jimwas senta Christmas cardby Mary. S V O by … His grandfathernamedthe babyCarl. S V O C The babywas namedCarlby his grandfather. S V C by … Marysenta Christmas cardto Jim. S V O to O A Christmas cardwas sentto Jimby Mary.S V to O by …

29. 被動語態的各種形式 • 含助動詞的句子：「助動詞＋be＋過去分詞」＊The book can be borrowed from the library. • 為進行式的句子：「be動詞＋being＋過去分詞」＊The stadium is being built now. • 為完成式的句子：「have/has/had＋been＋過去分詞」＊This song has been sung by a lot of singers. • 為否定句的句子：「be動詞＋not＋過去分詞」 「助動詞＋notbe＋過去分詞」 ＊His name was not found on the list.＊Bad words must not be used in the classroom.

30. 為疑問句：Yes or No「be動詞＋主詞＋過去分詞」疑問詞＝主詞「疑問詞＋ be動詞＋過去分詞」疑問詞≠主詞「疑問詞＋ be動詞＋主詞＋過去分詞」 ＊Was this bag made in Italy? ＊Who was invited to the party? ＊Who was this CD produced by? 測驗 • Check 請配合中文語意，填入適當的英文。 • 這箱子不可以打開。This box must □ □ □. • 這化石是由高中生發現的嗎?□ this fossil □ by a high school student? • 這隻青鳥是在哪裡補捉到的?□ □ this blue bird □? • 收音機是由誰發明的?□ was the radio □□?

31. 述語動詞與準動詞 I visited his house. (我去他家。) I visited his house to borrow a book. (我為了一本書去他家。) 準動詞的特徵 • 沒有時態變化 • 沒有人稱變化 • 可接受詞以及可用副詞修飾

32. 不定詞的名詞用法 • 不定詞當名詞片語用時，可作為主詞、受詞及補語。 • 當主詞用 • ＊ To own a house is a dream of many Taiwanese. • ＊ It is use useful to have a driver’s license.(it當虛主詞) • 當受詞用 ＊ My son needs to see a dentist. ＊ Sam finds it easy to make friends.(it當虛受詞) • 當補語用 ＊ Our plan is to climb the mountain tomorrow morning.

33. 不定詞當形容詞片語用時，可作為修飾語、補語。不定詞當形容詞片語用時，可作為修飾語、補語。 • 用來修飾名詞的不定詞，一定要放在被修飾名詞的後面。 • 當修飾語用 • ＊ I’m looking for someoneto help me with my work. • ＊ I have a lot of homeworkto do. • ＊ Do you have anythingto write with? • 補語用 ＊ We were surprised at her decisionto become an actress. 不定詞的形容詞用法

34. 不定詞的副詞用法 • 不定詞當副詞片語用時，可作為修飾語。用來修飾名詞以外的 • 片語或句子。 • 表示目的 ＊ She is working hard to buy a car. • 表示情感因素 ＊ I’m very happy to meet you. • 表示判斷依據 ＊ He must be a genius to understand the theory. • 表示結果 ＊ They came home to find that window was broken.

35. 動名詞 • 動名詞當名詞片語用時，可作為主詞、受詞及補語。 • 當主詞用 • ＊Remembering people’s names is difficult. ＊ It is difficult remembering people’s names.(it當虛主詞) • 當受詞用 or 作為介系詞的受詞 ＊ My grandfather enjoys playing golf. ＊ I found it comfortablelying on the grass.(it當虛受詞) ＊ She is good at baking cookies.× to bake • 當補語用 ＊ Her hobby isplaying the piano.＊ Judy is playing the piano in her room. ~作為進行式

36. 動名詞 vs 不定詞 動名詞和不定詞皆可作為及物動詞的受詞，而何時該動名詞，何時該用不定詞，則由動詞來決定。 需以動名詞為受詞的及物動詞：admit (承認)、avoid (避免)、consider (考慮)、deny (否認)、enjoy (享受)、escape (逃避)、finish (完成)、imagine (想像)、mind (介意)、miss (想念)、practice (練習)、quit (停止)、suggest (建議)、give up (放棄)、put off (延期)＋動名詞 需以不定詞為受詞的及物動詞：care (想要) 、decide (決定)、desire (強烈希望)、expect (期望)、hope (希望)、manage (設法做~)、mean (打算) 、offer (給予)、pretend (假裝) 、promise (承諾)、refuse (拒絕)、want (想要)、wish (但願)＋不定詞

37. 兩者均可為受詞的及物動詞，且意思不變： begin (開始) 、cease (停止)、continue (繼續)、hate (恨)、 intend (想要)、like (喜歡)、love (愛)、neglect (疏忽)、start (開始)＋動名詞/不定詞 兩者均可為受詞的及物動詞，但意思不同：forget＋動名詞 忘了做過的某事forget＋不定詞 忘了要去做某事 remember＋動名詞 記得做過的某事remember＋不定詞 記得要去做某事 stop＋動名詞 停止做某事stop＋不定詞 停止手邊工作去做某事 try＋動名詞 試驗做~try＋不定詞 試著(努力)要~

38. 測驗 • Check 請由括號中選出正確答案。 • Have you considered (moving / to move) out of this country? • Sorry. I didn’t mean (offending / to offend) you. • He refused (coming / to come) with us. • May I suggest (taking / to take) a vote on this matter? • 請不要再犯相同的錯誤。Try not (making / to make) the same mistake again. • 吉姆試著去睡在地板上，而不是床上。 • Jim tried (sleeping / to sleep) on the floor instead of a bed. • 雨已經停了嗎?Has it stopped (raining / to rain) yet? • 我們這隊一定會贏。Our team is sure (of wining / to win) Be sure of ＋doing (主詞的判斷) Be sure＋ to do (說話者的判斷)

39. 分詞的形容詞用法 • 分詞當形容詞片語用時，可作為修飾語、補語。 • 用來修飾名詞的分詞，較長的片語要放在被修飾名詞的後面，單一詞彙的分詞則可從前面修飾名詞。 • 當修飾語用 • ＊ Who is the girlpainting a picture over there? • ＊ The picturepainted by a little girl won the contest. • ＊ Someone is in that burninghouse! • ＊ The police found the stolenmoney in the car. • 補語用 • SVC ＊ The teacher sat surrounded by his students. • SVOC＊ We saw a bird building a nest.

40. 分詞的副詞用法 (分詞構句) • 分詞當副詞片語用時，可作為修飾語，用來修飾及補充句子資訊。 • 表示同時進行的事 ＊ Some girls are walking down the road talking to each other. • 表示正在做某事時 ＊ Walking along the beach, I found a beautiful shell. (When I was ~) • 表示動作的連續 ＊ Taking out a key from his bag, he opened the box. (He took ~ and ~) • 表示原因和理由＊ Written in simple English, this book is easy to understand. (Since this book is ~)

41. 動詞原形 • 動詞原形只能在幾個限定的場合下使用。 • 命令句 ＊ Get out! • 大多數的助動詞之後 ＊ He must be tired. • 跟隨使役動詞及感官動詞 (動詞原形的準動詞)make、let、have；see、hear、feel ＊ I saw the boy fall down.(falling) • 和慣用語與及構句並用 (動詞原形的準動詞) ＊ We could do nothing but wait.＊ John helped Paul solve the problem. (to)

42. 比較的基本概念 • 原級 • Betty is attractive.→ Betty is asattractiveas Ann is attractive. • Ann is attractive. • 比較級 • Stan is strong. • → Stan is strongerthan Scott is strong. • Scott is strong. • 最高級 • Ken is a rich person. • Chris is a rich person. → Chris is therichest person in the town. • Steven is a rich person.

43. 使用原級的比較 • 比較兩個事物時，當兩者之間沒有差異或某種性質相同時， • 可用原級來做比較，即同等比較。 • 表示A和B一樣~＊ My brother is as tall as my father. (比較基軸為形容詞)＊ I can run as fast as my brother. (比較基軸為副詞)＊ I have as many books as you. (比較基軸為形容詞+名詞) • 表示A不如B~＊ I don’t sing as well as my sister. • 表示A是B的X倍 ＊ This room is twice as large as that one.＊ He had three times as much moneyas me. • 表示盡可能~＊ Call the doctor as soon as possible!＊ The doctor came as quickly as he could.

44. 使用比較級的比較 • 比較兩個事物時，若兩者在程度及強度上有所差異，即一方比另一方的某種性質高/強/多時，使用比較級。 • 表示A比B還~＊ This stone is heavier than that one. (比較基軸為形容詞)＊ She can speak English better than me. (比較基軸為副詞)＊ My sister has more CDs than me. (比較基軸為形容詞+名詞) • 表示A不比B還~＊ He isn’tyounger than my father.＊ This car is less expensive than that one.(用less來表示A不比B還~) • 表示差異很大或具體呈現差異 ＊ This house is much larger than mine.＊ The climate of Taiwan is much milder than that of Iceland.＊ Sue is three years younger than Tim.

45. 使用最高級的比較 • 當三者以上針對某一點做比較，而其中一方勝過其他時，必須使用最高級。 • 表示A在~中是最~＊ He is the fastest sprinter in Taiwan. ＊ He swims fastest of us all. • 表示A最不~＊ This is the least expensive computer in this store. • 強調最高級的意思＊ She is by far the best singer in this country. • 表示A最~之一 ＊ This is one of the nicest rooms in the hotel. • 表示第幾~＊ Henry is the second tallest student in this class.

46. 許多的形容詞和副詞，除了原級外，還有比較級和最高級的形式。其變化可分為規則變化和不規則變化兩種。許多的形容詞和副詞，除了原級外，還有比較級和最高級的形式。其變化可分為規則變化和不規則變化兩種。

47. ＊ He lives in the city ←＜which I visited ● ten years ago.＞ ＊ He lives in the city ← ＜where I went ● ten years ago.＞ 關係代名詞與關係副詞 • 關係代名詞的形式 • 關係副詞的形式

48. 關係代名詞 • 主格的用法 ＊ I have a friendwho lives in Boston. ＊ They live in a housewhich stands on a hill. ＊ I lent him the moneythat was in my pocket. • 受格的用法 ＊ The manwhom I met on the street works at a bank. ＊ I’m reading a bookwhich I borrowed from the library. ＊ Where is the CDthat I bought yesterday? • 所有格的用法 ＊ He has a friendwhose wife is a singer.＊ I’m looking for a bookwhose subject is jazz.

49. 介系詞與關係代名詞 ＊ He is the actorwhom Ann sent a fan letter to . ＊ This is the citywhich I was born in. • 已包含先行詞(~的事物)的關係代名詞what ＊ What you need is some rest. ＊They couldn’t believe what they saw. ＊ This watch is just what I wanted! • 限定用法與非限定用法 關係代名詞前沒逗號為限定用法，表示將先行詞限定於特定的人事物。 關係代名詞前有逗號為非限定用法，則是對先行詞做補充說明。＊ He married a woman whom he met at the hospital.＊ He married my sister, whom he met at the hospital. • 非限定用法的which所補充說明的先行詞可為前面的句子或子句及部分詞組。＊ He wore a brown suit, which was made in Italy. ＊ He said he wasn’t afraid of ghosts, which wasn’t true. ＊ It rained all day yesterday, which I expected. He is the actor (whom) Ann sent a fan letter to. (可略) He is the actor towhom Ann sent a fan letter. (不可略) He is the actor that Ann sent a fan letter to. (介係詞不可提前)

50. 關係副詞 • where ＊ This is the hospitalwhere my aunt works. (at which)＊ This is where the old ferry used to go across.(where已包含了先行詞the place) • when • ＊ There was a timewhen dinosaurs lived on the earth. • (in which)＊Late spring iswhen the rainy season begins here.(when已包含了先行詞the time) • why • ＊ Tell me the reasonwhy you look so happy today. • ＊ I really like sweets. That’s why my teeth are bad. • (why已包含了先行詞the reason) • how＊ That’s how he succeeded in business. (how已包含了先行詞the way)