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Identification of Terrorist Attacks

IFSTA Essentials 5 th ed. Ch. 22 pages 1,184-1,191. Identification of Terrorist Attacks. The Threat. OK City. Spain. Algiers. Indonesia. Birmingham. Critical Differences. Critical Differences. Different from Hazmat incident: Accidental versus intentional Crime scenes

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Identification of Terrorist Attacks

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  1. IFSTA Essentials 5th ed. Ch. 22 pages 1,184-1,191 Identification of Terrorist Attacks

  2. The Threat OK City Spain Algiers Indonesia Birmingham

  3. Critical Differences

  4. Critical Differences • Different from Hazmat incident: • Accidental versus intentional • Crime scenes • Size and complexity • Number of casualties • Presence of extremely hazardous materials

  5. Critical Differences • Dangers: • Armed resistance • Booby traps • Secondary devices • Weapons

  6. Critical Differences • More dangers: • Contaminated victims • Structural collapse hazards • Presence of crime scene

  7. Critical Differences • Two factors that complicate terrorist attacks: • Crime scene preservation • Secondary devices

  8. Indications of Terrorist Incident • Two or more non-trauma mass casualty incidents in public locations: • shopping mall • transportation hub • mass transit system • telecommunications facility • office building • assembly occupancy • other public buildings

  9. Indications of Terrorist Incident • Other possible targets: • Controversial business (i.e. abortion clinic) • Government building (federal buildings ) • A location with historical or symbolic significance

  10. Indications of Terrorist Incident • Terrorist motivation is to make a statement: • Socially significant structure • Large number of victims

  11. Question 1 What should be done if criminal or terrorist activity is suspected at the scene of an incident? Report it to the incident commander (IC) as quickly as possible.

  12. Question 2 Who is primarily, not solely, responsible for the collection of evidence at a terrorist event? Law enforcement

  13. Question 3 Which is the lead law enforcement agency at a terrorist event? FBI

  14. Types of Terrorist Attacks • CBRNE • Each have unique indicators • Use monitors and detectors to determine their presence

  15. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Chemical • Chemicalwarfare agents (CBRNE) : • Nerve agents • Blister agents • Blood agents • Choking agents • Riot control agents

  16. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Chemical • Nerve agents • Sarin (GB) • Soman(GD) • V agent (VX) • Tabun (GA)

  17. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Chemical • Blister agents (Mustard) • Blood (AC/CK) • Choking agents (Chlorine/Phosgene) • Common industrial chemicals (TIMs/TICs)

  18. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Chemical • On-scene warning signs: • Unusual containers • Unexplainedsudden onset of similar non-traumatic illnesses or deaths • Unusual odors or tastes that are out of character • Unexplained skin, eye, or airway irritation • Runny nose (rhinorrhea), disorientation, difficulty breathing, or convulsions

  19. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Chemical • SLUDGEM (symptoms of exposure to chemical warfare nerve agents): • Salivation (drooling) • Lacrimation (tearing) • Urination • Defecation (loss of bowel control) • Gastrointestinal upset/aggravation (cramping) • Emesis (vomiting) • Miosis (pinpointed pupils) or Muscular twitching/spasms

  20. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Chemical • TIM/TIC use may be identified through: • Occupancy types and locations • Container shapes • Hazardous materials placards, labels, and markings • Written resources • Sensory indicators • Use of monitoring and detection devices

  21. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Biological • Biological attacks (CBRNE) • Ricin • Anthrax • Bubonic plague

  22. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Biological Toxic substances that are living materials or obtained from living materials Anthrax Scare of 2001: The famous “white powder” mailings

  23. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Biological • Signs and symptoms: • May take many days to develop • Unusual diseases • People or animals get sick or die • Multiple casualties with similar signs or symptoms • Dissemination of unscheduled or unusualspray • Casualty distribution aligned with wind direction

  24. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Biological Emergency medical services (EMS) responders and health-care personnel may be first to realize that there has been a biological attack

  25. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Radiological • Radiological attacks (CBRNE) • Weapons that release radiological materials: • dust or powder • radiological dispersal device (RDD)

  26. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Radiological • Indicators: • Warning, threat, or received intelligence • Signs and symptoms of radiation exposure • Radiological materials packaging abandoned • Suspicious packages that weigh more than they should

  27. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Radiological • Indicators (continued): • Activation of radiation detection devices • Material that is hot or emits heat • Glowing material

  28. Question How can it be determined that radiation is involved at an incident? Monitoring can determine if radiation is involved. Monitoring must be conducted at all explosive incidents.

  29. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Nuclear Nuclear attacks (CBRNE) The intentional detonation of a nuclear weapon

  30. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Nuclear • Indicators: • Warning, threat, or received intelligence • Mushroom cloud • Exceptionally large/powerful explosion • Electromagnetic pulse (EMP)

  31. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Explosive

  32. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Explosive • Explosive/incendiary attacks (CBRNE) also referred to as Bombings: • Majority of terrorist attacks • May be classified as weapons of mass destruction • May be used to disseminate chemical, biological, and radiological materials • Be alert for secondary devices

  33. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Explosive • Indicators: • Warning or threat of an attack or received intelligence • Reports of an explosion • Explosion • Accelerant odors (gasoline smells and other similar odors)

  34. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Explosive • Indicators (continued): • Multiple fires or explosions • Incendiary device or bomb components (such as broken glass from a Molotov cocktail or wreckage of a car bomb) • Unexpectedheavy burning or high temperatures • Unusually fast burning fires

  35. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Explosive • Indicators (continued): • Unusual smoke or flame color • Propane or other flammable gas cylinders in unusual locations • Unattendedpackages/backpacks/objects left in high traffic/public areas • Fragmentation damage/injury

  36. Types of Terrorist Attacks-Explosive • Indicators (continued): • Damage exceeding gas explosions, including shattered reinforced concrete or bent structural steel • Crater(s) • Small metal objects such as nuts, bolts, and/or nails used as shrapnel

  37. Review • Terrorist incident complicated by crime scene preservation and secondary devices. • Terrorist’s motivation is to make a statement: • Socially significant structures • Large number of victims • Situational awareness: • Unusual • Unexpected

  38. Conclusion • We are the first on the scene • Be safe!

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