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Mental Retardation

Mental Retardation . Chapter 5 Highlights. AAMR Definition. Significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior Onset before age 18 With appropriate supports over sustained period, life functioning will improve. Adaptive behavior .

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Mental Retardation

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  1. Mental Retardation Chapter 5 Highlights

  2. AAMR Definition • Significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior • Onset before age 18 • With appropriate supports over sustained period, life functioning will improve.

  3. Adaptive behavior • AAMR defines adaptive behavior as the collection of conceptual, social and practical skills that people have learned so that they can function in their everyday lives. • See table 5.1 on page 136 for examples

  4. Prevalence and Classification • Around 1% of population identified • Lower than theoretical model on curve • 2 % to fall below IQ of 70 • Why could prevalence rates be lower than expected? • Classification • Mild MR 50-70 • Moderate MR 35-50 • Severe 20-35 • Profound 20 and below

  5. Causes of MR • More than 50% of causes are unknown • Prenatal- before birth • Chromosomal- Down Syndrome, Trisomy, Williams Syndrome, fragile x, Prader-Willi Syndrome • Metabolic errors- PKU • Brain formation – microcephalus, hydrocephalus • Environmental influences – FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome), Rubella • Discussion – what genetic screening procedures are available?

  6. Causes of MR – continued • Perinatal- at birth • Deprivation of oxygen, low birth weight, syphilis and herpes • Postnatal – after birth • TBI, meningitis, encephalitis, poor environmental circumstances

  7. Assessment • Intelligence tests • WISC-IV • Not the absolute determinant when it comes to assessing a person’s ability to function in society • Adaptive Behavior Skills – questionnaires • Two parts • Independence and daily living • Maladaptive behavior – social interaction, trustworthiness, and self-abusive behavior

  8. Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics • Major areas include: attention, memory, language development, self-regulation, social development and motivation. • Learned helplessness- feeling that no matter how hard he or she tries, failure will result. • Behavioral phenotypes vary • See table 5.3 on page 149 • Discussion/Debate– Should the psychological and behavioral characteristics of persons with mental retardation exempt them from capital punishment?

  9. Educational Considerations • Curriculum that promotes practical, age-appropriate skills – functional academics • Self-determination – ability to make personal choices, to regulate one’s life, and to be a self-advocate. • Systematic instruction – teaching technique that involves instructional prompts (verbal, gestural, and physical), consequences for performance, and transfer away from prompts. • Functional skill instruction should be in real-life settings with real materials.

  10. Educational Considerations cont. • Inappropriate behavior often cause for self-contained placements • FBA and PBS recommended • Service delivery models • Range from general education to residential facilities • More and more are being placed in inclusive settings • See the Responsive Instruction boxes on pg.156-157

  11. Early Intervention • EC programs designed for prevention • For at-risk population • Perry Preschool Project, 1960s • EC programs designed to enhance development of those already identified • Emphasis on language and conceptual development • Connection to other professionals • PT, speech therapists, vision, hearing, etc.

  12. Transition to Adulthood • Planning should begin as early as elementary school • See table 5.4 on page 159 • Community adjustment • Majority of adults live with their families • Others: • Community residential facility (group home) • Supported living

  13. Employment • High rates of unemployment • With appropriate training and support, adults with MR can be successfully employed • Sheltered workshops • Supported competitive employment • Job coach

  14. Resources • The Arc – www.thearc.org • American Association on Mental Retardation – www.aamr.org • Association for Down Syndrome – www.nads.org • TASH (advocates for full inclusion) – www.tash.org

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