1 / 34

Memory

Memory. Encoding, Storage & Retrieval. Memory. Persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information. 3 Processes of Memory. Encoding Processing of information into the memory system Storage Retention of encoded information over time Retrieval

fernando-castillo
Download Presentation

Memory

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Memory Encoding, Storage & Retrieval

  2. Memory • Persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information

  3. 3 Processes of Memory • Encoding • Processing of information into the memory system • Storage • Retention of encoded information over time • Retrieval • Process of getting information out of memory

  4. 4 Memory Stores • 1. Sensory Memory • Immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system • 2 types • Echoic - auditory • 3-4 seconds • Iconic - visual sensory memory • Visual information • 1/4 second

  5. Iconic Sensory Memory

  6. 2. Working Memory Processing of briefly stored information 3. Short Term Activated memory holds +/- 7 items ~30 seconds 4. Long Term Memory Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system 4 Memory Stores

  7. Memory • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval

  8. Attention to important or novel information Sensory input Encoding External events Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Encoding Retrieving A Simplified Memory Model Storage Storage Storage

  9. Encoding: Automatic v. Effortful • Automatic Processing • Quick, unconscious encoding of incidental information • Space & time • Well-learned information • Word meanings • We can learn automatic processing • Reading backwards

  10. Encoding: Automatic v. Effortful • Effortful Processing • Slower, requires attention & conscious effort • Rehearsal • Conscious repetition of information • Maintain it in consciousness • Encode it for storage

  11. Ebbinghaus rehearsed nonsense syllables TUV ZOF GEK WAV More times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 Encoding: Automatic v. Effortful

  12. Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2 20 15 10 5 0 8 16 24 32 42 53 64 Number of repetitions of list on day 1 Ebbinghaus

  13. Encoding • Spacing Effect • Distributed practice yields better long term retention than massed practice • Serial-Position Effect • Recall best for info presented first & last • First - more rehearsal time • Last - recency effect

  14. 90 Percentage of words recalled 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Position of word in list Serial Position Effect Immediate recall Later recall

  15. What Do We Encode? • Semantic Encoding • Encoding of meaning/words • Acoustic Encoding • Encoding of sound/words • Visual Encoding • Encoding of picture images

  16. Encoding & Retrieval • Type of encoding impacts retrieval • Participants recalled word after: • Capital letters? • Rhyme with train? • Fit in sentence?

  17. Encoding & Retrieval

  18. Encoding & Retrieval • Imagery/Mnemonics • Mental pictures • Powerful aid to effortful processing • Vivid imagery and/or semantic encoding

  19. Encoding & Retrieval • Rehearsal • Maintenance • Elaborative • Memory drug video

  20. Organization • Chunking enhances memory • Items into familiar, manageable units • Occurs automatically • 1776149218121941 • ID # (3-2-4) • Acronyms • MVEMJSUNP - My very energetic mother just sat upon nine pins

  21. Storage - Long Term Memory • How does storage work? • Lashley (1950) - specific brain cites? - NO! • Rats learn maze - Lesion cortex - Test memory • Memory retained • Gerard (1953) - electrical activity? - NO! • Hamsters learn maze • Cease brains electrical activation (freeze) • Revive and memory retained

  22. Storage - Long Term Memory • ‘…memories are more of a spiritual than a physical reality. You try to touch them, and they turn to mist and disappear.’

  23. Storage - Long Term Memory • Synaptic & NT changes • Long-term Potentiation • Increase in synapse’s firing potential after S • More NT release & receptor cites (possibly) • Neuron loops or networks • Drugs that block NTs impairs memory • Alcohol impacts serotonin and memory • ECT or concussion impairs memory • Boxer, depressed patient

  24. Storage - Long Term Memory • Flashbulb Memories • Strong emotions make for stronger memories • Challenger explosion/Princess Diana/JFK Jr. • WHY? • Stress hormones boost learning/retention • Hippocampus & amygdala structurally close • Rehearsal

  25. Long Term Memory Subsystems • Explicit Memory • Memory of facts/experiences known • Hippocampus- helps move information from STM to LTM • Clive Wearing video (Mind 24)

  26. Retrieval • Recall • Retrieve learned information not in awareness • Fill in the blank test • Recognition • Identify learned information • Multiple choice test

  27. Retrieval Cues • Reminders of forgotten information • Guides to where to look for info • Mood/emotion (SDM) • Moods are retrieval cues • Learn happy recall best when happy • Context Effects • Memory works better in the context of original learning

  28. Percentage of words recalled 40 30 20 10 0 Water/ land Land/ water Water/ water Land/ land Same contexts Different contexts Retrieval Cues • Heard words on land or under water • Recall best when context same for learning & recall

  29. Encoding failure Information never enters the memory system Attention is selective Cant encode it ALL Storage Decay Decay of physical memory trace Synapse/NT degradation over time Neural networks atrophy if unused Retrieval failure (storage problem) Forgetting

  30. Sensory memory - the senses momentarily register amazing detail Short term memory - a few items are both noticed and encoded Long-term storage - Some items are altered or lost Retrieval from long-term memory - depending on interference, retrieval cues moods and motives, some things get retrieved, some don’t Information bits Forgetting

  31. Memory Construction • Memory does not work like VCR • We filter information, fill in missing pieces, and construct memories during encoding, storage and retrieval • Perceptions of the past • Misinformation Effect • Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

  32. Depiction of actual accident Leading question: “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” Memory construction Memory Construction • Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned

  33. False Memories • False memories can be created in some people (Loftus) • Vivid imagery, journals • Repressed memories of abuse • No reliable memories pre 3 years of age

  34. Summary: Memory • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval • Perceptions of the past

More Related