The Civil War

1. The Civil War Chapter 11

2. 2 Sides • Union – North – states remaining in what we know as the United States • Confederacy – Confederate States of America – South – the states that seceded from the union

4. War Begins • Fort Sumter – last Union held fort in the South • Dilemma for Lincoln and Davis • Attack and cause war or hold back and seem weak • Jefferson Davis chooses war • Virginia leaves the union – BIG loss

7. North vs. South 21 million 4 million 1.1 million 25 15 32 Population Eligible for Military Industrial Workers Naval Ship Ratio Iron Production Ratio Firearm Production Ratio 9 million 1.1 million .2 million 1 1 1 Question: What does this data tell you about the who had an advantage in this war? Does this also give you a preview of who will win this war? Explain.

8. North Blockade ports Cut confederacy in 2 at the Mississippi river Capture capital of Richmond, VA *** Anaconda Plan South Defense, Defense, Defense!!! Attack if possible Strategies Question: Who do you think has the better chance for victory based off of these plans? Explain.

9. Battle of Bull RunJournal • July 21, 1961 – First real battle • Both sides inexperienced • Confederacy inspired by Gen. “Stonewall” Jackson • Seesaw battle, Confederacy takes the field • Union Retreats to Washington D.C.

12. Union Army Grows • Lincoln appoints Gen. George McClellan to lead the Union army • Over 1 million northerners enlist in the Union army after bull run

13. Fighting in the West • Gen. Ulysses S. Grant commands the union in the west • In Feb. 1962 Grant defeats the Conf. at Forts Donelson and Cumberland • Provided key access to rivers • “no terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted” - Gen. Ulysses S. Grant • Question: Why is water so important in war?

14. Battle of ShilohJournal • Grant gathered his men in a small Tenn. Church named Shiloh • Sneak attack in the morning hours by the Conf. • Counter attack and victory the next day by the union • Lessons Learned: send out scouts, dig trenches, build forts

15. Union Captures Southern Port • April 1862 Union ships capture New Orleans

16. War Technology • Ironclads – fortified ships built of metal • Rifle and Minie Ball – much more accurate and deadly than muskets • Primitive landmines and grenades

20. Battle of AntietamJournal • September 17, 1862 - Maryland • Robert E. Lee is appointed leader of Conf. Army • Conf. army wins the second battle of Bull run and plans on marching on D.C. • McClellan discovers that Conf. army has split into 2 groups on Antietam Creek • McClellan’s men simply out lasted the Conf. due to numbers • Bloodiest single day in US history – 26,000 dead, Union victory

22. Emancipation Proclamation • A document that declared slaves free behind Confederate lines • No slaves freed immediately • Designed as a weapon of war • Freed slaves would join the fight

23. Political Problems • Copperheads – northern democrats that wanted peace • Conscription – a draft that would force certain people to serve in the military • Men ages 20 - 45 • You could buy your way out for $300 • Only 8% of Union army were drafted • Draft Riots

24. African American Soldiers • 180,000 union soldiers were African-Am. • Most joined after emancipation proclamation • Less pay than whites • If captured, they were killed on the spot • Question: Why do you think that most African-Am. Waited until after the emancipation proclamation to join the army?

25. Economic Issues • Southern food shortages • Inflation ( $6.65 to $68 a month for food) • Northern economy grows rapidly • But still had inflation • Congress passes an income tax – the government taking a certain percent of a persons income. • Question: how would the combination of inflation and income tax effect the average worker?

26. Activity: • In 5 words describe the following: • Hospital • War

27. Conditions of War • Death everywhere – fear • Neighbor vs. Neighbor – Brother vs. Brother • Poor hygiene • Body lice, dysentery, diarrhea • Food shortages or bad food • No proper disposal of waste

28. Civil War Medicine • Field Hospitals • Minie Ball wound often caused amputation • Bone saw and chlorophorm - Anesthetic: A substance that causes lack of feeling or awareness. • Little, if any, sterilization – killing of germs to prevent disease • Government tries to clean it up • Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix

32. Amputations

35. Activity: • In 5 words describe the following: • Civil War Hospital • Civil War

36. Battle of Chancellorsville, VAJournal • May 2, 1863 • Easy Confederate victory – Union Retreat • Stonewall Jackson accidentally shot by one of his own men • Loses an arm, catches pneumonia and dies

37. Battle of Gettysburg, PAJournal • July 1-3, 1863 • Small Conf. group invades in search of shoes • Union gives up the town but holds the hills around the city • 3 solid days of fighting • Pickett’s Charge – last Conf. effort • Union holds on to win – turning point • Deadliest battle – nearly 50,000 dead or wounded

40. Battle of Vicksburg, MSJournal • Last Conf. fort on the Mississippi • Grant sends troops to take out railroads to distract the Conf. – it works!!! • String of small battles leading to Vicksburg • Union wins battle after battle gaining confidence • Siege on Vicksburg – cut off all supply lines • Starve them out, shoot cannons in • July 4, 1863 after 18 days the Conf. give up Vicksburg • Union takes total control of the Mississippi and cuts the Union in half.

42. Gettysburg Address • Speech commemorating a cemetery at Gettysburg • Changed America’s opinion of America • “All men are created equal” • “of the people, by the people, for the people”

43. “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” -Abraham Lincoln

44. Grant vs. Lee • Grant appointed new leader of Union Army’s • Lee could not keep up with the amount of men • The North could lose men and easily replace them, the south was running out • South was losing morale

45. Sherman’s March • Grant orders William Tecumseh Sherman to take out the port city of Atlanta • Captures, loots, plunders, and burns most cities on the way and on the way back. • Total destruction of everything in his path • Victory is at hand • Lincoln win election of 1864

46. War comes to an end… • After many defeats by Grant and Sherman Conf. leaders abandon capitol and burn it as they leave • Robert E. Lee signs a formal surrender on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Court House in Virginia.