Int’l Seminar on Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy

1. Int’l Seminar on Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy The Korean High-Level Human Resourses Development Strategy and The Construction of Research Capacities April 14, 2008 Prof. Se-Jung Oh Dean, College of Natural Science Seoul National University Republic of Korea

2. Contents • Development of Korean Economy and its Current Situation • 2. Evolution of Korean National Innovation System • 3. Progress of the Korean Human Resources Development Strategy (especially on Doctorate Level) • 4. Summary and Concluding Remarks

3. Development of Korean Economy and its Current Situation

4. Asian Currency Crisis Rapid Development of Korean Economy • GNP per capita of Korea • Year 1953: $ 67/ yr • was one of the poorest countries in the world • Year 2006: $ 18,372 & Year 2007: $ 20,050 [ GNP per capita (1953 ~ 2006), nominal US $ ] Source : The Bank of Korea, http://ecos.bok.or.kr

5. Current Achievements of Korean Economy • Semiconductor • Dramatic achievement since 1981 • 10.7 % of global market share(’05) • Ranked 3 rd following by U.S. and Japan (’06) • Focused on DRAM memory market • Prowess in process technology • 45.1 % of global market share(’06) (ranked 1st since 1992) • Samsumg Electronics (29 %), Hynix (16 %) • Steel Industry • Current position of Korean Steel industry • Ranked 5th (‘06) in production /year • Ranked 6th (’06) in export • POSCO ranked 5th, INI Steel Co. ranked 28th in production capa

6. Current Achievements of Korean Economy (Cont.) • Shipbuilding • Since 2004, Korea has been leading the industry • Korea (33.6%), Japan (32.2%), China (12.5%) (’04) by CGT (Compensated Gross Tonnage) • Main products : LNG carrier, large-containership, oil tanker, FPSO (floating production storage offloading) • Japan, China : oil tanker, bulk carrier • Display Products • Global market share of the LCD market (’07) • Samsung Electronics(22.9%, rank 1st), LG Display(20.4%, rank 2nd) • Global market share of the PDP market (’07) • Samsung SDI(27.0%, rank 2nd), LG Electronics(26.0%, rank 3rd) • Automobile • 5th in the world after U.S., Japan, China, Germany (’06)

7. Evolution of the Korean National Innovation System

8. Korean National Innovation System - Input • R&D Expenditure and Number of Researchers per Year

9. Korean National Innovation System - Output • S&T Competitiveness, Patent, & SCI Papers 1) IMD (International Institute for Management Development) 2) WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) 3) PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty)

10. Roles of the Korean Innovation Actors • Government • Development of Science & Technology Infrastructure • Established Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST) in 1966 • Established several GRIs as spin-offs from KIST in 70s and early 80s • Created Daedeok Science Town in 1978 • Established Korea Advanced Institute of Science (KAIS) in 1971 • Direct R&D support to Universities and GRIs • Preferential finance and tax concessions for Industry R&D • University • The rapid expansion of S&T human resource education • Used to be more teaching-oriented than research-oriented in the past • But recently emphasize basic & applied research and high-level human resource development (Doctorate level)

11. Role of the Korean Innovation Actors (Cont’d) • Government Research Institutes (GRI’s) • Important role in industrial R&D in ‘60s and ‘70s • Helped firms to acquire foreign technology • Informally diffused technology thru reverse-engineering • Supplied experienced researchers for Industry • Joint research & development with large firms • Acts as the backbone of national R&D • Private Sectors • Large firms established corporate R&D centers in the 1980s • Samsung, LG, Hyundai, and SK group, etc. • SMEs started R&D activities rather slowly

12. Progress of Korean National Innovation System

13. 3. Progress of the Korean Human Development Strategy (especially on Doctorate Level)

14. Korean HRD Policies in 1960’s • Environments/Backgrounds • Per Capita GNP : $82 (’60) → $210 (’69) • Main Industry : Agriculture and Labor-intensive Industry (textile) • R & D focus : Imitation of Mature Foreign Technologies • Government Actions • Established the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) in 1966 (1st Government Research Institute) • Established the Ministry of Science and Technology at the cabinet level (1967) • Emphasized training of technicians in high schools and 2-year colleges • Started Recruiting Program for Korean Scientists (Doctorate Level) working in Foreign Countries (1968) • Total of 29 Ph.D’s in Science and Engineering fields returned to Korea from abroad in ’68-’69

15. Korean HRD Policies in 1960’s (Cont’d) • Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools) • Focused more on Undergraduate Education than Research in general • Research capability of universities was inadequate • But the number of 4-year Universities was increased from 48(’62) to 68 (’69) • The number of graduate schools was increased from 25 (’62) to 60 (’69) • Manpower production in Science and Engineering fields was small • In 1969, only 4,863 bachelors, 301 masters and 35 Ph.D’s were produced altogether from Korean universities • The number of Students going abroad to study Science and Engineering fields increased from ~ 400 (’60) to ~ 600 (’69)

16. Korean HRD Policies in 1970’s • Environments/Backgrounds • Per Capita GNP : $254 (’70) → $1,676 (’79) • Main Industry : Light Industry (textile, shoes, etc) and some chemical industry • R & D focus : Imitation of Mature Foreign Technologies • Government Actions • Established the Korea Advanced Institute of Science (KAIS) in 1971 (US-style Graduate school in Science and Engineering Fields) • Established several GRI’s (Atomic Energy, National Standards, Ocean Research) • Established the Korean Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) to support basic research in universities (1977) • Expanded manpower training in engineering schools, especially in electrical, mechanical and chemical engineering departments

17. Korean HRD Policies in 1970’s (Cont’d) • Started national scholarship program for sending students abroad for the graduate study (1977) • Until 2001, altogether 1,717 students received this national scholarship, mostly in science and engineering fields. • Actively pursued Recruiting Program for Korean Scientists (Doctorate Level) working in Foreign Countries • Total of 454 Ph.D’s in Science and Engineering fields returned to Korea from abroad in ’70-’79 • Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools) • Rapid Expansion of Students in Science and Engineering fields both in undergraduate and graduate levels (see Fig.1) • However, Research capability of most universities was still quite limited, except KAIS which received special government support • The number of Students going abroad to study Science and Engineering fields also increased quite rapidly from ~ 600 (’70) to ~ 1,200 (’79)

18. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 1. Production of Bachelors in S&E fields from Domestic Universities in 1970's

19. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 2. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S&E fields from Domestic Universities in 1970's

20. Korean HRD Policies in 1980’s • Environments/Backgrounds • Per Capita GNP : $1,645 (’80) → $5,418 (’89) • Main Industry : Heavy Industry (Steel, Auto, Ship-building, Chemicals, etc) • R & D focus : Imitation of Mature, Advanced Foreign Technologies • Government Actions • Established several more GRI’s (Machinery and Materials, Electronics and Telecommunications, Geology, etc) in 1981 • Established Pohang University of Science and Technology (by POSCO, a steel company) in 1986 • Established Basic Science Promotion Law and Korea Basic Science Institute in 1988 • Established four Science High Schools for Gifted Students (’83, ’84) • Introduced the military-duty exemption system for science and engineering students and researchers (1981) • Expanded 4-year colleges and universities greatly, especially in science and engineering fields, while reducing government support for vocational schools training technicians

21. Korean HRD Policies in 1980’s (Cont’d) • Started post-doc training program in foreign countries for Ph.D’s who obtained degree in science and engineering fields from domestic universities (KOSEF, 1982) • On the average, 50 – 200 post-doc’s were trained in foreign countries every year • Started “Brain-Pool” program inviting foreign experts to Korea permanently or for a limited time (KOSEF, 1982) • On the average, about 100 foreign Ph.D’s visited Korea every year utilizing this program • Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools) • Rapid Expansion of Students in Science and Engineering fields both in undergraduate and graduate levels (see Fig.3) • Research capability of several universities were also greatly improved during this period • The number of Masters and Ph.D’s in Science and Engineering fields produced from domestic universities increased quite rapidly (see Fig.4) • The number of Students going abroad to study Science and Engineering fields also increased quite rapidly (see Fig.5)

22. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 3. Production of Bachelors in S&E fields from Domestic Universities in 1980's

23. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 4. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S & E fields from Domestic Universities in 1980's

24. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 5. Number of Students studying abroad in Science and Engineering Fields

25. Korean HRD Policies in 1990’s • Environments/Backgrounds • Per Capita GNP : $6,147 (’90) → $9,438 (’99) • Main Industry : Electronic and IT Products (Electrical Appliances, Semiconductors, Computers), and others (Auto, Ship-building, etc) • R & D focus : Develop Advanced Technologies • R&D activities of private industries were greatly increased (see Fig.6) • Demand for Ph.D was greatly increased (see Fig.7) • Government Actions • Established Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 1993 • Enacted “Special Law for Promotion of Science and Technology” in 1997 • Established Korea Academy of Science and Technology (KAST) and National Academy of Engineering of Korea (NAEK) in 1994 • Expanded graduate schools greatly, especially in science and engineering fields • Special Government Program to support Engineering Schools (’94-98) • Special Government Program to support Graduate schools in science and engineering fields (1995-2000) • Started evaluation system of universities for education and research (1992) • Started Science/engineering Research Centers (SRC/ERC) in universities (supported group of professors with good research record for 9 years) in 1990 (KOSEF)

26. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 6. Trend in the working sectors of Korean researchers

27. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 7. Trend in the composition of Korean researchers

28. Korean HRD Policies in 1990’s (Cont’d) • Exemption of military-duty for science and engineering doctoral students and researchers • Continued post-doc training program in foreign countries for Ph.D’s who obtained degree in science and engineering fields from domestic universities (KOSEF) • On the average, 200 – 300 post-doc’s were trained in foreign countries every year • Continued “Brain-Pool” program inviting foreign experts to Korea permanently or for a limited time (KOSEF) • On the average, about 100 foreign Ph.D’s visited Korea every year utilizing this program • Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools) • Slight increase of Students in Science and Engineering fields in undergraduate level (see Fig. 8) • More Rapid increase of Graduate students in science and engineering fields (see Fig.9) • Research capability of universities were also greatly improved during this period (see Fig.10) • The number of Students going abroad to study Science and Engineering fields also increased rapidly (see Figure 5)

29. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 8. Production of Bachelors in S&E fields from Domestic Universities in 1990's

30. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 9. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S & E fields from Domestic Universities in 1990's

32. Korean HRD Policies in 2000’s • Environments/Backgrounds • Per Capita GNP : $10,804 (’00) → $20,050 (’07) • Main Industry : IT Products (Semiconductors, Cellular phones, LCD), and others (Auto, Ship-building, etc) • R & D focus : Develop Cutting-edge Technologies • University R & D capabilities were greatly improved (see Fig. 11, Fig. 12) • Government Actions • Started “Brain Korea 21” project to create world-class research universities (1st phase :1999 – 2005, 2nd phase : 2006 -2012). This project supports graduate students tuition and stipend, especially in science and engineering fields. • Emphasized “Quality” of graduate education and academic research • Emphasized “Globalization” in the university education and research • Started “Creative Research Initiative”, which supports ~ 1 million USD annually to young and creative researchers up to 9 years • Strengthen evaluation system of universities, both in education and research

33. Fig. 11 Number of SCI papers produced in Korea

34. Fig. 12 Top 40 Universities in the World in the Number of SCI Publications (Year 2006)

35. Korean HRD Policies in 2000’s (Cont’d) • Exemption of military-duty for science and engineering doctoral students and researchers • Continued post-doc training program in foreign countries for Ph.D’s who obtained degree in science and engineering fields from domestic universities (KOSEF) • On the average, 200 – 300 post-doc’s were trained in foreign countries every year • Continued “Brain-Pool” program inviting foreign experts to Korea permanently or for a limited time (KOSEF) • On the average, about 100 foreign Ph.D’s visited Korea every year utilizing this program • Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools) • The number of Students in Science and Engineering fields in undergraduate level stays almost constant in the last 5 years (see Fig. 13) • Graduate students in science and engineering fields also maintained about the same level (see Fig.14) • Research capability of universities continued to improve during this period • The number of Students going abroad to study somewhat increased

36. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Figure 3 and 4 Fig 13. Production of Bachelors in S&E fields from Domestic Universities in 2000's

37. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 14. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S & E fields from Domestic Universities in 2000‘s

38. 4. Summary and Concluding Remarks

39. Summary and Concluding Remarks • Korea relied on foreign universities for training Ph.D’s until around ~1980 • Actively recruited Korean Ph.D’s trained in foreign countries to set up research capabilities of government laboratories and universities • Established government research institutes (GRI’s) to concentrate the limited manpower and research fund, instead of distributing them to many universities • These GRI’s performed most of R $ D in Korea, and helped industries to catch up with advanced technology of foreign countries • Korean government expanded domestic graduate schools and actively supported their research from ~1980 • Korean government introduced many measures such as the exemption of military duty for graduate students in domestic universities • Established grant systems to university professors to encourage research and the training of high level manpower • Domestic universities started to produce increasing number of Ph.D’s in science and engineering fields in response to the need of private industry • However, the number of students studying abroad also increased somewhat, and Kroean government and industry maintained recruiting program for Korean scientists and engineers (Doctorate Level) trained in foreign countries

40. Thank you for your attention ! Se-Jung Oh, Ph. D. Tel. +82-2-880-6500 E-mail: sjoh@snu.ac.kr