Chapter X Temperature and Head

1. Chapter XTemperature and Head • Temperature and Temperature Scale • Thermal Expansion • Conservation of Energy: Calorimetry

2. A. Temperature and Temperature Scale The zeroth law ofthermodynamics (the law of equilibrium): If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C,then objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Celcius Reamur Fahrenheit Kalvin steam point of water (A) 100 80 212 373 32 273 0 0 ice point of water (B) 0 absolute zero

4. According to classical physics, the kinetic energy of the gas molecules would become zero at absolute zero, and molecularmotion would cease; hence, the molecules would settle out on the bottom of thecontainer. Quantum theory modifies this model and shows that some residual energy, called the zero-point energy, would remain at this low temperature.

5. B Thermal Expansion α = average coefficient of linear expansion γ = average coefficient of area expansion β = average coefficient of volume expansion

6. C. Conservation of Energy: Calorimetry heat capacity = C The specific heat = c Q = m c t Qenter = Qleave Heat is the transfer ofenergy from one object to another object as a result of a difference in temperature between the two.