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Models of Memory. Attempt to give a systematic account of the structure and functioning of memory Tend to be sketchier than full theories, hence ‘models’ The multistore model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) The levels of processing approach (Craik & Lockhart). www.psychlotron.org.uk.
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Models of Memory • Attempt to give a systematic account of the structure and functioning of memory • Tend to be sketchier than full theories, hence ‘models’ • The multistore model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) • The levels of processing approach (Craik & Lockhart) www.psychlotron.org.uk
Information is registered through the sensory & attentional systems The rehearsal loop allows info to be maintained in STM for longer periods STM LTM A limited amount of info is held for a short time in STM Rehearsal allows info to be moved to LTM for long term storage Multistore Model www.psychlotron.org.uk
Multistore Model • The model contains a number of testable propositions: • Memory consists of two separate stores • Information is transferred from STM to LTM by rehearsal • STM and LTM are unitary stores that cannot be subdivided www.psychlotron.org.uk
Two Separate Stores • Glanzer & Cunitz’ (1966) serial position experiments show that STM is affected by interference tasks but LTM is not • Milner (1966) and other cases studies of brain injury patients suggest that it is possible to damage STM but leave LTM intact (and vice versa) www.psychlotron.org.uk
Rehearsal and Info Transfer • Hyde and Jenkins (1973) demonstrated incidental learning • PPs were able to recall info later even though they had made no conscious effort to learn the material • The amount recalled depended on how the PPs had processed info, not how long they rehearsed it for www.psychlotron.org.uk
Unitary Stores • Baddeley (1973) showed that PPs can combine several STM tasks successfully provided they use different sensory modalities – suggests several different stores • Tulving (1972) suggests that LTM can be divided into episodic, semantic and procedural components, which may be stored separately www.psychlotron.org.uk
Evaluation of Multistore • Influential early model that stimulated lots of further research • Best support for idea that STM & LTM are separate stores • In other respects an oversimplification of memory processes www.psychlotron.org.uk