Friday's Silence in Foe: Questions of Representation and Identity

1. Dr. Fernando de Toro English Fletcher Argue Building Room 628 Fernando.Detoro@umanitoba.ca Telephone: 474-8141

2. Researching a Paper • Modern Languages Association of America Bibliographical Journal (MLA) • Bison Library: • E- journals • Databaes A-Z • Select letter M • Select MLA International Bibliography • Enter your ID and PIN number: • ID 22212067119895 – PIN: ******* • Click on MLA International Bibliography • Click Search (top left)

3. Researching a Paper • Key words: tile, author, topic, etc. • Ex.: Foe • List of works/articles will appear • UM Links • Select Location (Fort Garry Elizabeth Dafoe Library) • Click on Document delivery • ID and Pin number, then Submit (ID 22212067119895 – PIN: *******- • A page opens with the data of article or book • Go to the end of the page and click on request this article/book • Do you want to remember the values you filled in? YES

4. Researching a Paper • Bison Library: Books • Library Catalogue On Keyword enter title, author • Ex.: Title (Keyword): Foe • Click on search • Click on Full Description (right side of Entry) • Click on Request this title (Top right) • ENTER D 22212067119895 – PIN: ******* • Or Get serial number (bottom right) • (Bottom left tells you which library and Floor) Elizabeth Dafoe Library - PR 9369.3 C58 F6 1986dSecond Floor

5. Researching a Paper • Bison Library: Articles • Library Catalogue On Keyword: Periodical title (keyword) • Ex.: Kentucky Romance Quarterly • Click on search • Locate the Periodical and Click on Full Description (right side of Entry) • Click on Request and issue (Top right) • Enter ID and Password: ID 22212067119895 – PIN: ******* • If you wish to get the Issue: Get serial number (bottom right) • Bottom left tells you which library and Floor. Exe: Elizabeth Dafoe Library - PR 9369.3 C58 F6 1986dSecond Floor

6. Writing a Paper Structure: (No secondary sources) • Title: Ex.: “Friday’s Silence in Foe by J.M. Coetzee: questions of representation and identiy. • Brief introduction stating what you wish to inquire in this paper. • Ex.: One of the central characters in Foe by J.M. Coetzee does not speak, however, his silence is eloquent. It seems his tongue has been cut out: [quote]. In the original novel, Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe, Friday is an aboriginal, whereas in Coetzee’s novel is an African. I believe that there are several reasons why Friday does not speak, and are these reasons I would like to explore in this paper.

7. Writing a Paper Structure: • We will approach this text from a postcolonial perspective regarding the representation and identity of the Other. Theories of representation from Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, Stuart Hall and Ian Chamabers will be taken into consideration.

8. Writing a Paper Structure • List, in your draft, the reasons why you believe Friday does not speak, and then proceed to develop each one of them in relation to issue(s) of representation and identity.

9. Writing a Paper Structure • End your paper, by a brief conclusion stating your original question: why Friday does not speak, Ex.: The reasons stated above regarding Friday’s silence represent the oppression of the African population imposed by the former system of Apartheid in South Africa, as well Coetzee’s reluctance to appropriate the voice of the African people which is the result of XIX century European imperialism, and the devastating and lasting consequences of racial discrimination, representation, identity, and colonization, and this why Friday dies at the end of the novel [quotation].

10. Writing a Paper Format • Margins: one inch top/bottom/left/right • Double spaced • Font: 12 Times New Roman Quotations: ; if it is the first time you add the date of publication: • In text quotations, maximum 3 lines: • One of the central characters in, Friday, Foe by J.M. Coetzee, does not speak, however, his silence is eloquent: “He has no tongue,” he said. “That is why he does not speak. They cut out his tongue” (1987: 23).

11. Writing a Paper • Quotations: • If you mention the author and date before the quote, you do not need to mention it when referenced • Ex: • One of the central characters in, Friday, Foe by J.M. Coetzee, does not speak, however, his silence is eloquent: “He has no tongue,” he said. “That is why he does not speak. They cut out his tongue” (23).

12. Writing a Paper • Quotations: • If you are using more than one text by Coetzee then you reference as follows: • One of the central characters in, Friday, Foe by J.M. Coetzee, does not speak, however, his silence is eloquent: “He has no tongue,” he said. “That is why he does not speak. They cut out his tongue” (1987: 23).

13. Writing a Paper Quotations: • As stand alone quotation: which is the result of XIX century European imperialism, and the devastating and lasting consequences of racial discrimination and colonization, and this why Friday dies at the end of the novel: Indent quotation half an inch left/right: His mouth opens. From inside him comes a slow stream, without breath, without interruption. It flows up through his body and out upon me; it passes through the cabin, through the wreck; washing the cliffs and shores of the island, it runs northward and southward to the ends of the earth. Soft and cold, dark and unending, it beats against my eyelids, against the skin of my face. (157)

14. Writing a Paper Footnotes: • Font: 10 Times New Roman The reasons stated above regarding Friday’s silence represent the oppression of the African population imposed by the former system of Apartheid in South Africa, as well Coetzee’s reluctance to appropriate the voice of the African people which is the result of XIX century European imperialism, and the devastating and lasting consequences of racial discrimination and colonization, and this why Friday dies at the end of the novel.1 1.- This is the same point that James Thomas (1999) makes in his article, “Why does Coetzee not let Friday speak?” ( 35).

15. Writing a Paper Bibliography • List authors in alphabetical order, last name, First name. Books: Coetzee, J.M. (1985). Life and Times of Michael K. Penguin Books: London. Coetzee, J.M. (1987). Foe. Toronto: Stodart. Articles: Thomas, James. (1999). “Why does Coetzee not let Friday speak?” Ariel 34, 1 (Summer): 56-69.

16. Writing a Paper Bibliography Chapter in a book: Thomas, James. (2000). “Why does Coetzee not let Friday speak?” In Africa Today. Chris Johnson, Ed. London: Penguin Books, pp. 45-73.

17. Writing a Paper Bibliography A poem in a book. Frost, Robert. (1986). “Mending Wall”. In 20th-Century Poetry & Poetics. 4th edition. Gary Geddes, Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 230-233.

18. Paper Evaluation An “A” paper • Must have an excellent style, effective organization, literary insight, and a persuasive argument • Clarity, originality and approach are central for an “A” paper • It should be free of major errors in grammar, sentence structure and punctuation • It must be outstanding work

19. Paper Evaluation A “B” paper • The thesis should be clear and an affective use of evidence should be demonstrated, and it should be sound • Writing should be technically correct but lack in excellent style • It should not contain both major writing errors and problems of argumentation and interpretation • May be good but not great

20. Paper Evaluation A “C” paper • Falls short of reasonable expectations for writing at the university level • Has flaws in logic, and absence of literary insight, lack of organization, errors of interpretation and focus A “D” paper • Poor writing, major errors in interpretation and grammar, lack of clarity and paraphrasing class notes in a substantial manner • Will fail to answer or even address a given question