What is a lithium-ion battery and how does it work

1. What is a lithium-ion battery and how does it work? A lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is a high-tech battery that uses lithium ions as an essential component of its electrochemistry. Lithium atoms in the anode are ionised and separated from their electrons during a discharge cycle. The lithium ions go from the anode via the electrolyte to the cathode, where they recombine with their electrons and electrically neutralise. The lithium ions are tiny enough to pass through a micro-permeable separator that separates the anode and cathode. Because of the tiny size of lithium (third only to hydrogen and helium), Li-ion batteries may have very high voltage and charge storage per unit mass and unit volume. Schematic diagram of a lithium-ion battery Electrodes in Li-ion batteries can be made of a variety of materials. The most frequent combination is lithium cobalt oxide (cathode) and graphite (anode), which is found in portable electronic devices like smartphones and laptop computers. Lithium manganese oxide (used in hybrid and electric vehicles) and lithium iron phosphate are two other cathode materials. As an electrolyte, ether (a family of organic chemicals) is commonly used in lithium-ion batteries.

2. What are some advantages of Li-ion batteries? Compared to the other high-quality rechargeable battery technologies (nickel- cadmium or nickel-metal-hydride), Li-ion batteries have a number of advantages. They have one of the highest energy densities of any battery technology today. In addition, Li-ion battery cells can deliver up to 3.6 Volts, 3 times higher than technologies such as Ni-Cd or NiMH. This means that they can deliver large amounts of current for highpower applications, which has Li-ion batteries are also comparatively low maintenance, and do not require scheduled cycling to maintain their battery life. Li-ion batteries have no memory effect, a detrimental process where repeated partial discharge/charge cycles can cause a battery to ‘remember’ a lower capacity. This is an advantage over both Ni-Cd and Ni-MH, which display this effect. Li-ion batteries also have low self-discharge rate of around 1.5-2% per month. They do not contain toxic cadmium, which makes them easier to dispose of than Ni- Cd batteries. A diagram of the specific energy density and volumetric energy density of various battery types. Li-ion batteries are ahead of most other battery types in these respects. (Roberta A. DiLeo, Rochester Institute of Technology) Due to these advantages, Li-ion batteries have displaced Ni-Cd batteries as the market leader in portable electronic devices (such as smartphones and laptops). Li- ion batteries are also used to power electrical systems for some aerospace applications. From a clean energy perspective, much of the promise of Li-ion technology comes from their potential applications in Electric Vehicle Lithium

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