Wireless Security

1. Wireless Security Chi-Shu Ho, Raymond Chi CS265 Cryptography and Computer Security SJSU November 18, 2003

2. Wireless Networks • According to PC Magazine, 14 million American household equipped with PC based data networks by end of 2003 • 40% are wireless networks • Growing in popularity due to • Convenience compare to traditional wired networks • price cuts of wireless networking components, full setup for under $200 • Commercial establishments offering wireless access as ways to attract customers. • They are everywhere! Parents have filed lawsuits against some (elementary) schools for putting up wireless access points!

3. Standards • IEEE formed 802 working group in 1980s • Researchers, academics, and industrial professionals working toward the development of an industry standard • Adopted 802 standard as the ground level networking standard in 1990. • 802.3 for Ethernet networking • 802.11 for wireless networking in 1997 • Incremental enhancements of 802.11 • 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11.g

4. 802.11 Basics • Operating Frequency • US: 2.4000-2.4835Ghz • Europe: 2.4000-2.4845Ghz • Japan: 2.471-2.497Ghz • France: 2.4465-2.4835Ghz • Spain: 2.445-2.475Ghz • Transfer Rate: 1.2mbps • Mechanism: • Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) • http://www.pcwebopedia.com/TERM/D/DSSS.html • Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FHSS) • http://www.pcwebopedia.com/TERM/F/FHSS.html

5. The Big Three • 802.11b • A Great Leap Forward • First major revision of 802.11, approved in 1999 • Frequency: 2.4Ghz • Transfer Rate (theoretical): 1, 2, 5.5, 11Mbps • Transfer Rate (throughput): 4Mbps (average) • Mechanism: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) • Channels Available: 11 (3 non-overlapping) • Maximum Range: 175ft (average) • Pros: Cost, Range • Cons: 2.4Ghz is unlicensed, overcrowded, microwave oven, cordless phone, bluetooth device…

6. The Big Three • 802.11a • Faster and Faster • Approved and ratified by IEEE in in 2001 • Frequency: 5.8Ghz • Transfer Rate (theoretical): up to 54Mbps • Transfer Rate (throughput): 20-30Mbps (average) • Mechanism: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) • Channels Available: 12 (all non-overlapping) • Maximum Range: 80ft (average) • Pros: increased data rate, less interference • Cons: short range, lack of backward compatibility with 802.11b

7. The Big Three • 802.11g • New Guy on the Block • Frequency: 2.4Ghz • Transfer Rate (theoretical): up to 54Mbps • Transfer Rate (throughput): 20-30Mbps (average) • Mechanism: Complimentary Code Keying (CCK), backward compatible with DSSS • Channels Available: 3 (1, 6, 11) • Maximum Range: 175ft (average) • Pros: compatible with 802.11b, speed • Cons: relatively new

8. 802.11 Security Mechanism • Authentication • Between stations and access points (AP) • Data Encryption • Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)

9. 802.11 Authentication • Ad-Hoc Mode • Direct station to station connection • Infrastructure Mode • Connection through Access Point (AP) • Process of finding an access point and establish connection has the following 3 states • 1: Unauthenticated and unassociated • 2: Authenticated and unassociated • 3: Authenticated and associated

10. State 1 • Unauthenticated and unassociated • In this state when a wireless station is searching for an access point. • Finds AP by • Listen for AP’s beacon management frame • Knowing AP’s Service Set Identifiers (SSID) • Sending out probe request to locate desired access point

11. State 2 • Authenticated and unassociated • After station finds AP, a series of message is exchanged to authenticate each other’s identity • Open System Authentication • Station sends message, AP determines whether to grant access or not • Shared key Authentication • Uses WEP to determine if a station has access authentication • AP and station shares a secret key • AP sends a 128bit generated challenge text • Station encrypts and sends data back to AP • Grant access if AP can decrypt it using the shared key

12. State 3 • Authenticated and associated • After both parties have been authenticated, the station is in state 2. • It then sends an association request, and AP accepts the request. • Useful for roaming

13. Wired Equivalent Privacy • Encryption standard defined by the IEEE 802.11 Standard • Uses a shared secret key for both encryption and decryption • Distribution of shared secret key to stations is not standardized. • Based on RC4 stream cipher • has built-in defense against known attacks • Initialization Vector (24-bit) concatenated with 40-bit shared secret key to produce different RC4 key for each packet • Integrity Check (IC) field to protect content

14. WEP Encryption

15. WEP Frame 802.11 Header IV Data IC WEP Only Protects DATA Not Physical Layer Transmissions

16. Good Guy vs Bad Guy

17. How to make your wireless network secure? • SSID • Configure AP not to broadcast SSID, station has to know SSID in advance to connect.

18. SSID Weakness! • SSID is sent across the wireless network in plaintext! • Not difficult to configure off the shelf equipment to sniff for wireless traffic • Imposter Access point can easily be set up • How do you know you’ve connected to the right AP?

19. SSID Map

20. Network Stumbler

21. How to make your wireless network secure? • Access Control Lists • Base on MAC address • Configure AP to only allow connection from ‘trusted’ stations with the right MAC address • Most vendors support this, although not in the standard

22. MAC Weakness • MAC address can be sniffed by an attacker because they are again sent in the clear! • MAC addresses can be easily changed via software (no guarantee of uniqueness!)

23. How to make your wireless network secure? • Use WEP encryption/decryption as authentication mechanism • Use WEP to encrypt data transmitted to guard against eavesdropping

24. WEP Weakness • WAP’s security mechanism not implemented correctly!!! • IC field is to protect data integrity, but CRC-32 is linear (flipping a bit in the message causes a set number of bits to flip in the IC)! • IV is 24-bit, too short! Easily capture ciphertext with the same IV. Same IV => same encryption key => attacker can obtain multiple key/ciphertext pair for statistical analysis. • Secret Key is too short, 40 bits, shared, cannot be updated frequently! • AirSnort (http://airsnort.shmoo.com/) • AirSnort is a wireless LAN (WLAN) tool which recovers encryption keys. AirSnort operates by passively monitoring transmissions, computing the encryption key when enough packets have been gathered.

25. WEP Conclusion • Existing security mechanism of 802.11 is very weak and can only provide protection against incompetent “script kiddy” • Unless other security mechanism are used, determined hackers will be able to break all the security measures in 802.11. • Example of designing security features without consulting experts!! • Ok for home use, insufficient for company to use • What can you do? • Hide (good/random) SSID, MAC list • Increase secret key length, change frequently • WPA, 802.11i

26. WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) • Improved data encryption through the temporal key integrity protocol (TKIP). • 48-bit initialization vector • Per packet key mixing function, automatically generates a new unique encryption key periodically for each client • Message integrity check (Michael) • Calculates an 8-byte MIC, placed between the data portion of 802.11 frame and the IV, encrypted • Dynamic key encryption • Enterprise level User authentication via 802.1x and EAP • Utilize a central authentication server (such as RADIUS) to authenticate user on the network before they join in • Mutual authentication, station doesn’t join rogue network that might steal its network credentials. • For SOHO environment, operates in Pre-Shared Key mode • Forward compatible with 802.11i (subset of 802.11i that are ready for market today), Designed to run on existing hardware as a software upgrade • Interim standard that will be replaced with the IEEE’s 802.11i standard upon its completion (potential DOS attack?)

27. 802.11i • Currently in draft form includes an Enhanced Security Network (ESN) that uses 802.1x to deliver its authentication and key management services • 802.11i will also provide key distribution, data origin authentication and replay detection. • All stations and access points in an ESN must contain an 802.1x port entity and an 802.11i authentication agent. • An authentication server that participates in the authentication of all mobile devices and access points. It may authenticate these devices itself or it may provide information that the devices can use to authenticate each other.

28. References • http://www.pcwebopedia.com/TERM/8/802_11.html • Contains many excellent links to 802.11 • Security (problems) of the WEP algorithm (http://www.isaac.cs.berkeley.edu/isaac/wep-faq.html) • Group that published the WEP weakness • http://www.weca.net/OpenSection/pdf/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access_Overview.pdf • Schwartz, Ephraim. Researchers Crack New Wireless security Spec. InfoWorld 2002. http://www.infoworld.com/articles/hn/xml/02/02/14/020214hnwifispec.xml • WPA Security Enhancements (http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/2148721)