Exploring Space Chapter 22 Glencoe

1. Exploring SpaceChapter 22 Glencoe P. Lobosco

2. Journal Entry How did we get this picture of a galaxy ?

3. Section 1Radiation from Space • Objectives: • Discuss the electromagnetic spectrum • Identify the differences between refracting and reflecting telescopes • Analyze the differences between op0tical and radio telescopes

4. Electromagnetic Waves • The light and other energy leaving a star are forms of radiation. • Radiation is energy that transmitted form one place to another by electromagnetic waves. It can travel through both matter and space. • It has both magnetic and electrical properties.

5. Electromagnetic Radiation • Sound waves can’t travel through space. • When an astronaut speaks from space, the mechanical sound waves are converted to electromagnetic waves and travel to Earth where they are converted back.

6. Electromagnetic Radiation • Radio waves and visible light from the Sun are two types of electromagnetic radiation. • Other types include gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet waves, infrared waves and microwaves. They all differ in their frequencies. • This arrangement is called the electromagnetic spectrum.

7. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

8. Speed of Light • Although the various electromagnetic waves differ in frequency, they all travel at 300,000 km/s in a vacuum. This is called the speed of light. • Radiation from stars in the universe can take millions of years to reach the Earth. • When the radiation reaches Earth, scientists use it to learn about the star it came from.

9. Telescopes • One tool used to study the electromagnetic radiation is a telescope. • Optical telescopes use light, a type of electromagnetic radiation, to produce magnified images of objects.

10. Optical Telescopes • The optical was the first used by astronomers. • The two types of optical telescopes are refracting and reflecting. • The refracting telescope uses a series of lenses. (Yerkes – 40 inches) • The reflecting telescope uses a series of mirrors. (Mount Palomar – 200 inches)

11. Reflecting Telescopes • A reflecting telescope uses a curved mirror to direct light. Light from the object passes through the open end of the telescope and strikes a concave mirror. The light is reflected off this mirror to a focal point where it makes an image.

12. Journal Entry #47 • What observations did Galileo make with his telescope? Why were these discoveries so important?

13. Galileo’s Obeservations • Craters on the moon • Some of Jupiter’s moons • Phases of Venus • Sunspots on the sun • Rings of Saturn

14. Refracting Telescopes • A refracting telescope uses convex lenses, which are curved outward like the surface of a ball. Light passes through a convex objective lens and is bent to form an image at the focal point. The eyepiece magnifies the image.

15. Using Optical Telescopes • Most optical telescopes are housed in buildings called observatories. • They often have dome-shaped roofs that can be opened for viewing.

16. The Hubble Space Telescope • The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 by the space shuttle Discovery. • After it was placed in space, they discovered the reflecting telescope was not shaped correctly.

17. Repair of the Hubble • In 1993 a team of astronauts repaired the Hubble by installing a set of small mirrors designed to correct the images obtained by the faulty mirror. • It was serviced again in 1997 and 1999.

18. Large Reflecting Telescopes • The twin Keck reflecting telescopes have segmented mirrors 10 m wide. • In 2000, the largest reflecting telescope, the European Southern Observatory in Chile was built.

19. Active and Adaptive Optics • With active optics, a computer corrects for changes in temperature, mirror distortions, and bad viewing conditions. • Adaptive optics use a laser to probe the atmosphere and relay information to a computer about air turbulence. The computer then adjusts the telescope’s mirror to lessen the effect of air turbulence.

20. Radio Telescopes • In most radio telescopes a curved metal dish gathers and focuses radio waves onto an antenna. • The signal picked up is fed into a computer and an image is produced.

21. Infrared and Ultraviolet Telescopes • Stars are the only objects in space that give off visible light. • All objects give off infrared or heat energy. • Infrared telescopes must be carried out into space. • IN 1983, IRAS was the first infrared telescope. • Ultraviolet lights do not pass easily into Earth’s atmosphere.

22. X-Ray Telescopes • X-rays are another of electromagnetic radiation given off by stars. • Of all the forms of light in the electromagnetic spectrum, X-rays are the least able to pass through the Earth’s atmosphere. • X-ray telescopes must be sent into orbit above the Earth. (Uhuru, 1970)

23. Space Telescopes • The most famous space telescope is the Hubble. • It also houses several other kinds of telescopes. • In 1991, Hubble discovered the beginning of a new solar system, Beta Pictoris.

24. Journal Entry • How does a rocket move?

25. Early Space MissionsSection 2 • Objectives: • Compare and contrast natural and artificial satellites. • Identify the differences between artificial satellites and space probes. • Explain the history of the race to the moon.

26. Konstantin Tsoilkovsky • Konstantin Tsoilkovsky is the father of rocketry.

27. Robert Goddard • Robert Goddard built the first liquid propellant rocket.

28. Escape Velocity • To break free of the Earth’s gravity and enter orbit around the Earth, spacecraft must travel at speeds greater than 11 km/s. • This is known as escape velocity.

29. Rockets • Rockets are engines that have everything they need for the burning of fuel. • They do not require air to carry out the process so they can work in space.

30. Theory of Rocketry • The Theory of Rocketry is based on Newton’s Third Law of Motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

31. Movement in Space • A spaceship will continue to move once in space without fuel because there is no external force, such as gravity or friction, being applied to the spaceship. • This is Newton’s First Law of Motion: An object in motion will continue in motion unless an external force is applied.

32. Rocket • The simplest rocket is made of a burning chamber and nozzle. • More complex rockets have more than one burning chamber.

33. Rocket Types • There are two types of rockets. They use different fuels. • One type is the liquid-propellant rocket. • The other is a solid-propellant rocket. • Liquid propellants are better for space travel because they can be shut down after they are ignited and restarted. Solid-propellants cannot.

34. Solid-Propellant Rocket Launching • Solid propellant rockets use a rubberlike fuel that contains its own oxidizer. The burning chamber of a rocket is a tube that has a nozzle at one end. As the solid-propellant burns, hot gases exert pressure on all inner surfaces of the tube. The tube pushes back on the gas except at the nozzle where gases escape. Thrust builds up and the rocket move forward.

35. Liquid-Propellant Rockets • Liquid-propellant rockets use a liquid fuel and an oxidizer, such as liquid oxygen, stored in separate tanks. To ignite the rocket, the oxidizer is mixed with the liquid fuel in the burning chamber. As the mixture burns, forces are exerted and the rocket is pushed forward.

36. Space Shuttle • The space shuttle uses both solid and liquid propellants.

37. Journal Entry • What is the difference between a space probe and a satellite?

38. Satellites • A satellite is any object that revolves around another object. • Artificial satellites are manmade. • The moon is an example of a natural satellite.

39. Orbit • An object in space will travel in a straight line. • Earth’s gravity pulls a satellite. toward the Earth. • The result of traveling forward while at the same time being pulled toward earth is a curved path, an orbit.

40. Orbit • The period of the orbit is the length of time it takes for the satellite to revolve around the earth. • The distance between the Earth’s surface and a satellite’s orbit is called orbital altitude. • The payload is the amount of mass of the satellite that it carries.

41. Journal Entry • What caused the space race of the 1950-60’s?

42. Space Race • The space race began in 1957 when the former Soviet Union used a rocket to send a satellite into space. It orbited 560 miles above the earth. • It had a diameter of 22 inches and weighed 184 pounds.

43. Sputnik • Sputnik I was an experiment to show that artificial satellites could be made and placed into orbit around the Earth. • Sputnik orbited Earth for 57 days before gravity pulled it back and it burned up.

44. Space Race • The space race began when the Soviet Union placed Sputnik into orbit. • The U.S. and the Soviet Union were not on friendly terms in the 1950’s and early 1960’s. • If the USSR could place a satellite into orbit, they would be able to bomb the United States.

45. Space Race • At first the Soviet Union was ahead of the United States in space exploration, but the United States would be the first and only country ( to this day) to place humans on the moon. There were six manned Apollo flights that landed men (12 total) on the moon.

46. Laika, First Dog in Space • Laika (Russian: Лайка, literally meaning "Barker"; c. 1954 – November 3, 1957) was a Soviet space dog that became the first animal to orbit the Earth and the first orbital death.

47. Soviet Union Firsts • 1957: First intercontinental ballistic missile, the R-7 Semyorka • 1957: First satellite, Sputnik 1 • 1957: First animal in Earth orbit, the dog Laika on Sputnik 2 • 1959: First rocket ignition in Earth orbit, first man-made object to escape Earth's gravity, Luna 1 • 1959: First data communications, or telemetry, to and from outer space, Luna 1. • 1959: First man-made object to pass near the Moon, first man-made object in Heliocentric orbit, Luna 1 • 1959: First probe to impact the Moon, Luna 2 • 1959: First images of the moon's far side, Luna 3 • 1960: First animals to safely return from Earth orbit, the dogs Belka and Strelka on Sputnik 5.

48. Soviet Union Firsts • 1961: First probe launched to Venus, Venera 1 • 1961: First person in space (International definition) and in Earth orbit, Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1, Vostok programme • 1961: First person to spend over 24 hours in space Gherman Titov, Vostok 2 (also first person to sleep in space). • 1962: First dual manned spaceflight, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 • 1962: First probe launched to Mars, Mars 1 • 1963: First woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, Vostok 6 • 1964: First multi-person crew (3), Voskhod 1 • 1965: First extra-vehicular activity (EVA), by Aleksei Leonov, Voskhod 2

49. Soviet Union Firsts • 1965: First probe to hit another planet of the Solar system (Venus), Venera 3 • 1966: First probe to make a soft landing on and transmit from the surface of the moon, Luna 9 • 1966: First probe in lunar orbit, Luna 10 • 1967: First unmanned rendezvous and docking, Cosmos 186/Cosmos 188. (Until 2006, this had remained the only major space achievement that the US had not duplicated.) • 1969: First docking between two manned craft in Earth orbit and exchange of crews, Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 • 1970: First soil samples automatically extracted and returned to Earth from another celestial body, Luna 16 • 1970: First robotic space rover, Lunokhod 1 on the Moon. • 1970: First data received from the surface of another planet of the Solar system (Venus), Venera 7

50. Soviet Union Firsts • 1971: First space station, Salyut 1 • 1971: First probe to orbit another planet (Mars)Mars 2 • 1971: First probe to reach surface and make soft landing on Mars, Mars 2 • 1975: First probe to orbit Venus, to make soft landing on Venus, first photos from surface of Venus, Venera 9 • 1984: First woman to walk in space, Svetlana Savitskaya (Salyut 7 space station) • 1986: First crew to visit two separate space stations (Mir and Salyut 7) • 1986: First probes to deploy robotic balloons into Venus atmosphere and to return pictures of a comet during close flyby Vega 1, Vega 2 • 1986: First permanently manned space station, Mir, 1986–2001, with permanent presence on board (1989–1999) • 1987: First crew to spend over one year in space, Vladimir Titov and Musa Manarov on board of Soyuz TM-4 - Mir