Unit I:

1. Unit I: Early Civilizations and Empires

2. Section 2.1 Civilization begins in Mesopotamia

3. 1. Name three advances in Science and technology of early humans.2. In what year in Confucius born?3. What year does the Roman empire fall?

4. What are the major factors in the development of early civilizations? • city-state: cities and the countryside around them, which were the basic units of Sumerian civilization

5. What are the major factors in the development of early civilizations? • theocracy- a government by divine authority • empire-a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader that controls many people or territories

6. What are the major factors in the development of early civilizations? • patriarchal- a form of society dominated by men • polytheistic- a belief in many gods

7. What are the major factors in the development of early civilizations? • cuneiform- “wedged-shaped”; the Sumerian system of writing

8. What are the major factors in the development of early civilizations? • IMPACT of GEOGRAPHY • The valley between the Tigris and the Euphrates is called Mesopotamia; means “between two rivers”; It is located in the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent. Early civilization began there because it had land with rich soil; the river overflowed. The Sumerians were the first to create a lasting society there.

9. What are the major factors in the development of early civilizations? City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia • By 3000BC the Sumerians has 3 city states-Eridu, Ur, and Uruk. The most important building was the temple because Sumerians believed kings got their powers from gods. Most people were farmers but there were also artisans. The Sumerians created the wheel. They also had three major social groups: nobles commoners and slaves. City-states began to fight with each other for power. Around 2340 BC the Akkadians overran the Sumerian city-states. They set up an empire. By 1792 BC, a new empire controlled Mesopotamia. The king was the very powerful Hammurabi.

10. What are the major factors in the development of early civilizations? • Hammurabi’s code: a collection of laws; penalties were severe and different for each class of people. The main focus was ‘an eye for an eye’. It reflected a patriarchal society.

11. What are the major factors in the development of early civilizations? • IMPORTANCE of RELIGION • * Mesopotamians believed in over 3,000 gods and goddesses; polytheistic • *They believed this because of the harsh climate changes

12. What are the major factors in the development of early civilizations? • The CREATIVITY of the SUMERIANS • *Their greatest invention is cuneiform (wedge shaped); the first form of writing • *writing allowed for people to pass information on through generations • *Epic of Gilgamesh; surviving poem about a king named Gilgamesh • *created the wagon wheel (transportation and trade), sundial (time), potter’s wheel (crafts, pottery), the arch (architecture), and bronze (tools)

13. What are the major factors in the development of early civilizations? • Take ten minutes to read and complete the “Eyewitness to History” Activity on page 44 of the text. Be ready to share responses with the class.

14. Section 2.2 Egyptian Civilization: The Gift of the Nile

15. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? • dynasty- a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family • pharaoh- “great house” or “palace” the most common title of Egyptian monarchs

16. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? • bureaucracy- an administrative organization with officials and regular procedures • visier- “steward of the whole land” the official in charge of the government bureaucracy

17. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? • Mummification- a process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from rotting • Hieroglyphics- the Greek name for the earliest Egyptian writing

18. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? • hieratic script- a simplified version of hieroglyphics that was used for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life in Egypt

19. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? • IMPACT of GEOGRAPHY • The Nile River is the longest in the world (4,000 miles); Egypt’s important cities developed along the Nile.. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt had natural barriers that protected it from invasion.

20. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? • IMPORTANCE of RELIGION • Were polytheistic • Two main groups: • Sun gods and land gods: • Sun gods were sources of life example (Re) human body and head of a falcon • Land gods –gods that dealt with the river example (Osiris and Isis, resurrection)

21. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? • Ancient Egyptian History is divided into three time frames: • The Old Kingdom: 2700-2200BC • The Middle Kingdom: 2050-1652 • The New Kingdom 1567-1085BC

22. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? • The Old Kingdom (2700-2200BC) • It was an age of prosperity and splendor; at the top was the pharaoh who had absolute power but was assisted by the bureaucracy. The pyramids were built during this kingdom. They were built for the pharaohs and their families; used mummification to preserve the bodies.

23. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? • The Middle Kingdom 2050-1652 BC • Very stable time, They expanded south Pharaoh’s role was less of a god-king and more of a shepherd providing for his people.

24. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? • The New Kingdom 1567-1085 BC • Middle Kingdom ended with the invasion of the Hyksos; used horse drawn chariots to invade. Hatshepsut was the first women to become a pharaoh.

25. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? The Great Sphinx was built more than 4,500 years ago. It is crumbling with humidity and wind.

26. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? They were built to protect kings as well as to honor them. Smaller pyramids were constructed for the family members as well.

27. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? Hyksos invaded Egypt during the Middle Kingdome on chariots pulled by horses. Later the Egyptians would use that technology to defeat them.

28. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? A sculpture of the first female pharaoh, Hatshepsut. Contrary to popular belief, it was not Cleopatra- though she tried to unify Egypt with the help of Rome.

29. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? Social Structure of Ancient Egypt. The bureaucracy included the visier, nobles, and priests.

30. What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? • SOCIETY in ANCIENT EGYPT • Used hieroglyphics; a combination of pictures and abstract forms. • Achievements in art and science included, pyramids, temples, math (to calculate area and volume), developed the 365 day calendar, and medical knowledge

31. Section 4.1 The Greek City- States

32. How did Greek society influence other early civilizations? • polis- the Greek word for city-state • acropolis- fortified area at the top of a hill in a Greek city-state

33. How did Greek society influence other early civilizations? • democracy- rule of many • oligarchy- rule by a few

34. How did Greek society influence other early civilizations? • direct democracy- a democratic system in which people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings

35. How did Greek society influence other early civilizations? • tragedy- a serious play or drama

36. How did Greek society influence other early civilizations? • Socratic method- a teaching method used by Socrates in which a question and answer format leads pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason

37. How did Greek society influence other early civilizations? • The Polis: • Made up of people with a common goal • 3 main groups: 1. citizens with political rights (adult males) 2. citizens with no political rights (women and children) 3. noncitizens (slaves and people from another lands) • There were many different city states; the downfall of Greece was a result of feuding city-states

38. How did Greek society influence other early civilizations? Tyranny in City States Democracy v. Oligarchy • Between 750 and 550 BC Greece expands its empire; trade and industry lead to many wealthy people who wanted power and became tyrants • Tyrants fell out of favor. Aristocrats were no longer in power and common people were able to have more of a say in politics. Some city states even used direct democracy

39. How did Greek society influence other early civilizations? • Greek Religion • Believed 12 main gods lived on Mt. Olympus; chief was Zeus • Performed rituals to appease the gods • Also had festivals where athletic events took place • First Olympics took place 776BC

40. How did Greek society influence other early civilizations? • Greek Drama • Created drama as we know it today; tragedies were presented at outdoor festivals in a trilogy; (ex: Oedipus Rex) Comedy developed later on and focused on politicians and aimed to entertain or get a reaction

41. How did Greek society influence other early civilizations? • Philosophy • Is an organized system of thought; many Greek philosophers tried to explain the universe with underlying principles. • Socrates was a teacher who we know about because of his students (most famous: Plato; wrote The Republic); he used a question answer format to teach his students so they would have reasoning behind their answers

42. Section 5-1 Ancient Rome

43. What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? • republic- a form of government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote • patrician- one of Rome’s wealthy landowners, who became Rome’s ruling class

44. What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? • plebian- a member of second and larger group of Roman citizens, who were less wealthy landowners, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers • triumvirate- a government of three people with equal power

45. What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? • dictator- an absolute ruler • procurator- a Roman official who directed the affairs of a province

46. What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? • plague- an epidemic disease • inflation- a rapid increase in prices

47. What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? • LAND and PEOPLE of ROME • Romans were heavily influenced by the Greeks • Rome had a republic form of government • First Code of law was the 12 Tables • Had a legislative branch which included a Senate • Rome was divided into two groups: • Patricians, the ruling class • Plebians, the craftspeople merchants, small farmers

48. What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? • There were many civil wars which led to the collapse of the First Republic • First Triumvirate came to power, Crassus (in Spain), Pompey (in Syria), and Julius Caesar (in Gaul)

49. What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? • The EARLY EMPIRE 14-180 AD • During this time 5 good emperors ruled: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. • They created PaxRomana (Roman Peace) a time of peace and prosperity

50. What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? • RELIGION in ANCIENT ROME • The official state religion of ancient Rome was the worship of several gods • During the Early Empire, Jesus of Nazareth began his teachings and gained many followers • During the reign of Nero Christians were persecuted • Eventually, Christianity triumphs as a major religion