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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. PART OF EFFERENT DIVISION OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. ANATOMY OF THE ANS. PRESYMPATHETIC NEURON -- CELL BODY IN CNS POSTSYMPATHETIC NEURON --CELL BODY IN PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC PLEXUS. PARASYMPATHETIC VS SYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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  1. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PART OF EFFERENT DIVISION OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

  2. ANATOMY OF THE ANS • PRESYMPATHETIC NEURON -- CELL BODY IN CNS • POSTSYMPATHETIC NEURON --CELL BODY IN PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • AUTONOMIC PLEXUS

  3. PARASYMPATHETIC VS SYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS

  4. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

  5. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION • LOCATED IN LATERAL HORNS IN GRAY MATTER • T-1 TO L-2 • THORACOLUMBAR • LEAVES SPINAL CORD THROUGH VENTRAL ROOMS • ENTER VENTRAL RAMI OF SPINAL NERVES • ENTER SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA • SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS

  6. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM • RAMI COMMUNICANTES • WHITE • GRAY

  7. SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA • PARAVERTERBRAL GANGLIA • SYMPATHETIC TRUNK • WHITE RAMI COMMUNICANTES • MYELINATED • CARRY IMPULSES FROM SPINAL NERVE TO CHAIN GANGLIA • GRAY RAMI COMMUNICANTES

  8. FATE OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS UPON ENTERING SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA

  9. MAY SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC IN SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA AT THE SAME LEVEL • RETURN TO SPINAL NERVE TO INNERVATE EFFECTORS. GRAY RAMI COMMUNICANTES ARE FORMED BY UNMYELINATED POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS AS THEY PASS FROM CHANIN GANGLIA TO SPINAL NERVES

  10. MAY TRAVEL UP OR DOWN WITHIN SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS BEFORE SYNAPSING WITH POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS THAT SUPPLY EFFECTORS IN SKIN, HEAD, OR THORAX

  11. MAY PASS THROUGH SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA WITHOUT SYNAPSING AND SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN COLLATERA GANGLIA • SUPPLY VISCERA OF ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

  12. PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

  13. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION • PREGANGLIONIC NEURON CELL BODIES LOCATED IN BRAIN NUCLEI OR IN LATERAL PORTIONS OF GRAY MATTER IN SPINAL CORD (S-2 THROUGH S-4) • FIBERS DO NOT TRAVEL THROUGH RAMI OF SPINAL NERVE • DO NOT INNERVATE SWEAT GLANDS, ARRECTOR PILI, AND CUTANEOUS BLOOD VESSEL • MOST BLOOD VESSELS ARE NOT INNERVATED BY PARASYMPATHETIC

  14. PREGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC AXONS IN CRANIAL NERVES • III,VII,IX AND X • SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN GANGLIA • NEAR STRUCTURES INNERVATED

  15. SACRAL PREGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC AXONS • LEAVE VENTRAL ROOTS OF SPINAL NERVES • FORM A PELVIC NERVE THAT SUPPLIES VISCERA OF PELVIC CAVITY

  16. ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE DIVISIONS • LOCATION OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURON CELL BODIES • FIBER LENGTH

  17. LOCATION OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURON CELL BODIES • SYMPATHETIC --- LATERAL HORNS OF SPINAL CORD GRAY MATTER FROM T-1 TO L-2 • PARASYMPATHETIC --- BRAIN STEM AND LATERAL HRONS OF SPINAL CORD GRAY MATTER FROM S-1 THROUGH S-4

  18. FIBER LENGTH • SHORT SYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC AXONS-LONG SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS • LONG PARASYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC AXONS-SHORT PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS

  19. NEUROTRANSMITTERS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM EPINEPHRINE VS NOREPINEPHRINE

  20. SITES FOR RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS • ALL PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN ANS • ALL PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS • SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS INNERVATING SWEAT GLANDS

  21. SITES FOR RELEASE OF NOREPINEPHRINE IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • MOST SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS • ADRENAL MEDULLA

  22. RECEPTORS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM • CHOLINERGIC NICOTINIC MUSCARINIC • ANDRENERGIC ALPHA 1 ALPHA 2 BETA 1 BETA 2

  23. NICOTINIC RECEPTORS • NICOTINE MIMICS EFFECTS • PRESENT ON POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN GANGLI OF THE ANS • ALSO ON SKELETAL MUSCLE AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS • CHANNEL LINKED RECEPTORS • BLOCKED BY TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM--IN AUTONOMIC GANGLIA • BLOCKED BY CURARE--AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

  24. MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS • MUSCARINE MIMICS EFFECTS • ON EFFECTORS SUPPLIED BY PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC RECEPTORS • G PROTEIN LINKED RECEPTORS • BLOCKED BY ATROPINE

  25. ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS • ALPHA • BETA • ALL ARE G LINKED RECEPTORS • NON CHANNEL LINKED RECEPTORS

  26. NOREPINEPHRINE • BINDS WITH • ALPHA 1-- EFFECTIVELY • ALPHA 2 -- EFFECTIVELY • BETA 1-- EFFECTIVELY • BETA 2 --WEAKLY IF AT ALL

  27. EPINEPHRINE • BINDS EFFECTIVELY WITH • ALPHA 1-- EFFECTIVELY • ALPHA 2 -- EFFECTIVELY • BETA 1-- EFFECTIVELY • BETA 2 --EFFECTIVELY

  28. ALPHA 1 RECEPTORS • MOST COMMON ALPHA RECEPTOR • ACTIVATES G PROTEINS • G PROTEINS ACTIVATE ENZYMES

  29. ALPHA 2 RECEPTORS • LESS COMMON THAN ALPHA 1 • ACTIVATES INHIBITORY G PROTEINS • REDUCE THE FORMATION OF cyclic AMP

  30. BETA 1 RECEPTORS • HEART AND KIDNEYS • ACTIVATES G PROTEINS • STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF cyclic AMP

  31. BETA 2 RECEPTOR • MOST COMMON BETA RECEPTOR • ACTIVATES STIMULATORY G PROTEINS

  32. IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT RECEPTORS • AT LEAST PARTIALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR DIFFENCE IN ACTIVITY OF EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE

  33. FUNCTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM • DUAL INNERVATION • FREQUENTLY (BUT NOT ALWAYS) HAVE OPPOSITE ACTIONS • MOSTS ORGANS ARE PREDOMINANTLY CONTROLLED BY ONE DIVISION OR THE OTHER

  34. PARASYMPATHETIC • HOUSEKEEPING FUNCTIONS • MAINTAINING BODY FUNCTIONS UNDER CALM CONDITIONS • INDIVIDUAL ACTIVATION OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANS

  35. SYMPATHETIC • FIGHT OR FLIGHT • HANDLES EMERGENCIES • WIDESPREAD ACTIVATION

  36. EXAMPLES OF ORGANS INNERVATED BY ANS • HEART • BRONCHIOLES • BRONCHIAL GLANDS • IRIS OF EYE • CILIARY MUSCLE • SWEAT GLANDS • URINARY BLADDER • BLOOD VESSELS

  37. SYMPATHETIC INCREASE RATE OF CONTRACTION PARASYMPATHETIC DECREASE RATE OF CONTRACTION HEART

  38. SYMPATHETIC DILATION PARASYMPATHETIC CONSTRICTION BRONCHIOLES

  39. SYMPATHETIC POSSIBLE INHIBITION OF SECERETION PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION OF SECRETION BRONCHIAL GLANDS

  40. SYMPATHETIC DILATION OF PUPIL CONTRACTION OF RADIAL MUSCLES PARASYMPATHETIC CONSTRICTION OF PUPIL CONTRACTION OF CIRCULAR MUSCLES IRIS OF EYE

  41. SYMPATHETIC SLIGHT RELAXATION PARASYMPATHETIC CONTRACTION ACCOMODATES FOR NEAR VISION CILIARY MUSCLE

  42. SYMPATHETIC RELAXATION PARASYMPATHETIC CONTRACTION URINARY BLADDER

  43. SYMPATHETIC CONSTRICTION SKIN SALIVARY GLANDS ABDOMINAL VISCERA EXTERNAL GENITALIA PARASYMPATHETIC EXTERNAL GENITALIA BLOOD VESSELS

  44. SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION OF SECRETION PARASYMPATHETIC NO EFFECT ADRENAL MEDULLA

  45. SYMPATHETIC INCREASED RELEASE OF GLUCOSE PARASYMPATHETIC NO EFFECT LIVER

  46. SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION OF SECRETION PARASYMPATHETIC NO EFFECT SWEAT GLANDS

  47. THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSORY INPUTS • ACTIVITIES OF ANS ARE MOTOR ONLY • NEED INPUT FROM SENSORY SYSTEM • TO MONITOR BODY FUNCTIONS AS A WHOLE AND INDIVIDUAL ORGANS • ENTEROCEPTIVE RECEPTORS • BELOW CONSCIOUS LEVEL

  48. CONTROL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM • GENERALLY BELOW OUR CONSCIOUS CONTROL • UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES VOLUNTARY CONTROL IS POSSIBLE • DUE TO CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ANS AND CNS • PRIMARILY IN BRAIN STEM AND SPINAL CORD

  49. BIOFEEDBACK MECHANISMS • EXERCISES MODIFY BODY FUNCTIONS • VISUALIZATION • RECITATION

  50. MEDITATION AND THE ANS • YOGA • MEDITATION • BREATHING THERAPY • INHIBITS SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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