Konstantin M Golubev General Knowledge Machine Research Group gkm-ekp.sf

1. Adaptive Learning for Organization. GKM-EKP Project.Organizational Learning Advancement Project Konstantin M Golubev General Knowledge Machine Research Group http://gkm-ekp.sf.net

2. Project goals • Implementation of Adaptive Learning based on the Electronic Knowledge Publishing. It is Organizational Learning advancement that provides sharing all needed knowledge. • May be used in any area including management, business, medicine, arts, ... • Typical terms of development 9-12 months.

3. Description Exams: Prof.: You are looking very worried. Any problems with exams questions? Stud.: Oh, no! Questions are OK. It is the answers that I worry about.

4. Traditional Learning Traditional learning is based on a linear process. Students should learn all proposed knowledge topic by topic. After that students must pass exams to get acknowledgement that knowledge is in their minds already. Initial time of learning is great. There are many exams having hard impact on the life of students. But all this work does not guarantee that students have all or even greater part of knowledge needed to solve problems of real world life.

5. Adaptive Learning Adaptive Learning is based on a concept called Just In Time Knowledge (JIT-Knowledge). Total amount of external knowledge becomes greater all the time. It is not possible to learn it with Traditional Learning due to brain limits. It means that big part of knowledge is not used, and many problems remain unsolved because no one learns needed knowledge. Adaptive Learning based on Electronic Knowledge Publishing allows to find and learn only knowledge relevant to existing problems.

6. Electronic Knowledge Publishing "We are drowning in information but starved for knowledge" John Naisbitt, author of Megatrend

7. Definitions. Data. Data, as we think, is everything that could be perceived by humans: text, sound, pictures, multimedia etc. We believe that the main task of Information Technologies (IT) is data management. All kinds of hardware and software are well suited for data capturing and distribution. But who needs this data? If data was collected regardless of people using it - it is senseless.

8. Definitions. Information Information is that part of data which could be directly connected to the knowledge possessed by a perceiving person. It means that a person can understand and apply it. This part is really involved into problems solving. It is obvious that this part is variable depending on the experience of the person - what is valuable for one, may be useless for other. Just consider foreign languages knowledge.

9. Definitions. Explicitknowledge From our point of view explicit knowledge based on the tacit knowledge located inside human brains, includes “What-is-it?” and “Know-how” items. It is the part that we are learning on. Famous experts in AI Alan Newell and Herbert Simon proposed to define knowledge elements as rules called 'productions' of the type 'If-Situation-Then-Action'. Following them we propose to define knowledge elements as 3-parts stable memory patterns including:

10. Definitions. Explicitknowledge 1. Description of a problem* Context data memorized at the time of a problem's solving 2. Name of a problem* Should be unique text 3. Description of a problem's solution* Actions needed for verification of a solution applicability, problem's solving actions, expected result descriptionThere is concrete knowledge appeared at the time of particular problems solving, and abstract knowledge including typical situations and solutions, general rules etc

11. Definitions. Individual (tacit) knowledge Types of tacit knowledge include hands-on skills, special know-how, intuitions and the like (Michael Polanyi). Sure, almost any kind of knowledge is initially tacit. All intellectual activity of person goes in sub-consciousness, and therefore does not need words. Words appear at level of consciousness (co-knowledge), which is many times poorer than sub-consciousness.

12. Definitions. General Knowledge People often think that any question and answer dialogue is based on a knowledge. But when a person asks a question, it does not mean that knowledge of other people is needed. In many cases a person needs information to apply own knowledge.

13. Definitions. General Knowledge Knowledge, as we think, is a result of a problem solution. Ideas: volume or contents? People use words to describe their problems. There are many words and number of their combinations is countless. But, fortunately, what we really use - it’s ideas. Plenty of words are just like clothes that one person could wear. Therefore we believe that description of a problem may be transformed into a set of standard ideas.

14. Definitions. General Knowledge. Ideas We propose to define «idea's text» as a standard text unequivocally defining a specific side of a situation. We think that intellectual activity is based on ideas as images of the world, but not on specific words representing them. For example, people may say: «It looks so green to me»; «I think it's a greenish stuff»; «It reminds me a fresh grass.» The idea's text should be: «The color is green.»

15. Definitions. General Knowledge. Ideas And what the number of such ideas could be? American psychologist Mr Cattel in his work «Universal Index of Source Traits» has proposed a list of items for a human personality features description. Preliminary list included 4,550 different items used by many authors. After excluding synonyms it was appeared that only 171 were left. The same result we have always got from our experience (medicine, art, banking, business etc).

16. The Problem There is great amount of applicable knowledge in the world. Before using it should be learnt. To learn it all even in restricted field is the task far beyond possibilities of any person.

17. Possible Solution We have developed General Knowledge Machine with ability to accept explicit knowledge found in the external sources (books, articles, databases) and transform it into machine-simulated tacit knowledge. Resulted e-knowledge systems may serve as intellectual activity support systems and should be used as Adaptive Learning tools and Intelligent Knowledge Forefronts for data sources.

18. Possible Solution They should assist during 4 steps of intellectual activity: 1. Observation (getting information about context) 2. Producing propositions, based on the knowledge 3. Selection and verification of the most appropriate propositions 4. Memorizing (creation of a new knowledge element)

19. Possible Solution Access to these systems may be provided with Internet/Intranet. These machines should have no human restrictions on volume of knowledge. It would be possible to use all existing knowledge in any area.

20. General Knowledge Machine Research Group This is a description of a new approach to knowledge presentation and distribution called Electronic Knowledge Publishing, also known as GKM-EKP Project. General Knowledge Machine Research Group is developing it since 1986. Now this approach is quite stable and may be applied in education and business. http://gkm-ekp.sf.net (C) 1999-2003, 2008 Konstantin M GolubevGeneral Knowledge Machine Research Group