Analysing internal causality and sensitivity to derive coastal sea responses

1. Analysing internal causality and sensitivity to derive coastal sea responses to varying climate and anthropogenic forcing Concept for an SFB at the University of Rostock Presented by Hans Burchard Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde hans.burchard@io-warnemuende.de

2. Program of this presentation • The Baltic Sea: a very special marine system • Changing Baltic Sea • Key questions of the SFB • SFB Structure • SFB Model Environment • SFB Graduate School

3. Baltic Sea drainage area Mean freshwater run-off: 15000 m3/s

4. Baltic Sea monitoring Dann kann aber doch fast gar kein Salz in der Ostsee sein ???

5. Salinity along monitoring section

6. Major Baltic Inflow in January 2003 + Darss Sill: 19 m Source: IOW

7. Oxygen along monitoring section

8. A century of salinity in the Central Baltic Sea Graphics: Markus Meier (SMHI)

9. Phosphate feedback cycle in the Baltic Sea ecosystem

11. Have we understood triggers and limitations of cyanobacteria blooms ?

12. 1975 1985 1995 2005 1975 1985 1995 2005 Cyanobacteria observation I – Central Baltic Sea(cell counts) no clear long-term trend no clear correlation between cyanobacteria and forcing factors Suikkanen et al. 2007

13. Cyaonobacteria observation II - whole Baltic Sea(from satellite) large inter-annual cyanobacteria fluctuations at small variations of forcing no clear long-term trend data by Kahru et al. 2007 (graphics by Inga Hense, IOW)

14. We do not know the limiting and exitating factors for cyanobacteria blooms. Many knowledge gaps are due to substantial undersampling in time and space and in regulating parameters. As long as we do not know how it works today, we have no predictive capacity for future developments with respect to climate change and anthropogenic change.

15. The anthropogenic influence changes: Phosphate concentrations in winter surface layer in the Eastern Gotland Basin Reissmann et al., 2007

16. Baltic climate of the past 1000 years

17. Global climate change: emmission scenarios from IPCC 4th Assessment http://www.ipcc.ch

18. Regional climate modeling at the Rossby Centre Regional Global Markus Meier (SMHI)

19. ice ocean OASIS Dtmod atmos rivers landsurf Dtcoup RCA: 44 km, 30 min RCO: 11 km, 10 min Coupling timestep: 3 h The coupled system RCAO RCO RCA Model domain, covering most of Europe and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean and Nordic Seas. Only the Baltic Sea is interactively coupled. The coupling scheme of RCAO. Atmosphere and ocean/ice run in parallel. Döscher et al. (2002) Markus Meier (SMHI)

20. Time Regionalization is done for ”time-slices” from GCMs Regional simulations Results archived from a GCM-run CO2 1800 1900 2000 2100 Present-day or a ”control” climate Climate scenario (1961-1990) (2071-2100) Markus Meier (SMHI)

21. Markus Meier (SMHI)

22. Sea surface salinity Projection with the largest change RCAO-E/A2 Present climate 5 psu Markus Meier (SMHI)

23. Sea surface salinity Projection with the largest change RCAO-E/A2 Present climate 5 psu 52 1500 836 77 145 Markus Meier (SMHI)

24. Sea surface temperature: +1.9 … +3.9°C Annual mean SST (in °C) in present climate 1961-1990 (upper left), annual mean bias of simulated present climate compared to climatological data (upper right), and annual mean SST changes for the ensemble average (ECHAM4 and HadAM3H) of the B2 (lower left) and A2 (lower right) emission scenarios. The figure is taken from Meier (2006, Figs.13 and 14) with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media. Markus Meier (SMHI)

25. Sea ice changes Mean number of ice days averaged for RCAO-H and RCAO-E: control (left panel), B2 scenario (middle panel), and A2 scenario (right panel).Figure is adoptedfrom Meier et al. (2004). Markus Meier (SMHI)

26. Key questions of SFB How can the abstract Baltic Sea response function and its interplay of linear and nonlinear processes be described in terms of logical, mathematical and numerical model components ? How does the character of Baltic Sea inflow events react to climate change and which impact do these modified inflow dynamics have on the biogeochemical cascades which they trigger ? How will the intensity and extent of cyanobacteria blooms react to climate and anthropogenic changes, and how will they interact with ecosystem dynamics of the Baltic Sea ? How will spatio-temporal changes in near-bottom temperature, salinity and oxygen distributions affect the biodiversity and extent of benthic fauna, and which consequences does this have for the benthic-pelagic coupling in the Baltic Sea ?

27. Key questions of SFB What is the role of redoxcline processes for overall biogeochemical cycles in the Baltic Sea and how are the communities and processes impacted by external forces (e.g., inflow events, turbulent mixing)? Final overarching question: To what extend does changing climate and anthropogenic forcing trigger ecosystem shifts in the Baltic Sea ?

28. Participating institutes Institute of Biological Sciences University of Rostock Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde at the University of Rostock Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department of Limnology of Stratified Lakes Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Nörrköping

29. Structure of the SFB P1: Pelagic processes – influence of light and inorganic carbon on primary production P2: Cyanobacteria blooms – dynamics and performance of diazotrophic cyanobacteria P3: Photorespiration, respiration, photoadaptation, and DNA micro-array P4:Diatom-dominated biofilms T1: Biologically mediated particle and solute fluxes between sediment and the benthic boundary layer T2: Organisms’ functional capacity T3: Quantification of in-situ fluxes at the sediment water interface T4: Impact of turbulent transport intermittency on the biogeochemistry of pelagic redoxclines T5: Small-scale processes in the upper layers of the Baltic Proper M1: Particle-associated carbon turnover origin, decomposition and sedimentation M2: Structure and function of microbial communities in redox gradients M3: Biogeochemical element transformations and fluxes S1: Baltic Sea climate reconstruction S2: Analysis of the present Baltic Sea state S3: Climate change and anthropogenic impact scenario simulations for the Baltic Sea

30. Spatial relation of the subprojects

31. SFB Model Environment

32. Implementation into SFB-BGC Module and 1D testing Testing in 3D Ecosystem Model Logical and mathematical model Process understanding required by models System simulations S1, S2, S3 Process studies P, T & M Analysis of process reproduction Interlinking between process studies and modelling system

33. SFB Integrated Graduate School: • for all SFB Ph.D. students • interdisciplinary teaching for all together • modelling courses with 1D model system • teaching in statistical methods • exercises in field & lab methods • soft skills • … After this SFB, we will know far more about the Baltic Sea system than at present.