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Unveiling Mysteries of the Universe: Challenges in Fundamental Physics

Explore dark matter, dark energy, neutrinos, antimatter, forces of nature, Higgs boson, and more in the quest for understanding the mysteries of the universe at the 8th GGSWBS. Discover the unknown realms and puzzling phenomena that shape our existence and the future of physics.

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Unveiling Mysteries of the Universe: Challenges in Fundamental Physics

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  1. Frontiers of fundamental physics GGSB – 8th GGSWBS, Tbilisi, georgia august 20-25, 2018 I hansströher

  2. Science – theendlessFrontier? • Current • KNOWLEDGE U n k n o w n Lord Kelvin (1900)

  3. Science – theendlessFrontier! Therearethingsweknowthatweknow; therearethingsweknowthatwedon´tknow, and therearethingswedon´tknowthatwedon´tknow (after D. Rumsfeld) • Questions • Puzzles • Mysteries U n k n o w n

  4. Big questions (ofparticlephysics)

  5. Dark matter anddarkenergy Only about 4% of the energy content of the Universe – normal matter – is currently understood Rest (96%) – nature of dark matter and dark energy – is unknown!

  6. Dark matter – Whatisit? Normal matter: brightly shining stars, glowing gas and clouds of dust Dark matter: does not emit, absorb or reflect light Observed via its gravitational effects, e.g.: a higher speed of rotation in the outer parts of spiral galaxies

  7. Dark Energy– Whatisit? Dark energy: exotic formof energy; causes the universeexpansionto accelerate; most abundant form of energy in the universe; may be Einstein´s cosmological constant; But: possibility that dark energy doesn’t exist; i.e. something strangegoing onwith gravity

  8. neutrinos Neutrinos: most abundant particle species in the Universe (~ 100/cm3); almost no interaction with matter (billions pass us every second) Neutrinos (and anti-neutrinos): unconventional and mysterious particles

  9. Neutrinos – whatarethey? Species (flavors) Masses ne,m,tarecombinationsofn1,2,3 Neutrino oscillations:

  10. Neutrinos – whatarethey? Differencebetweenmatter andanti-matter? Don´tknowyet!

  11. antimatter Normal matter – is all abundant Anti-matter– a priori no reason why not as abundant Matter – anti-matter annihilation results in an empty universe Puzzle of our existence!

  12. antimatter – Whereisit? Hardly anything: where is it? Our world (Universe) New Physics (e.g. Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs)) AMS recentlydetected 6 anti-3Heand 2 anti-4He candidateevents

  13. Massofparticles Quarks (up, down, strange, …) and leptons (electrons, muons, neutrinos) have vastly different mass How do particles aquire different mass?

  14. Massofparticles– OnlyHiggs? photon (Mass = 0) electron (M = 0.5) muon (M = 200) Mass by inter- action with Higgs-field: ~ 1% quark mass Most of nucleon mass contained in interaction of qq-pairsand gluons how? (Note: US plans new accelerator) Not so for light quarks and nucleons: ~ 44% quark energy ~ 55% gluon energy

  15. Forces ofnature Forces of Nature: electric, magnetic, weak, strong and gravitation Do they originate from 1 basic force?

  16. Forces ofnature– unification? Electroweak(established) Grand Unified Theory (GUT) (predictsfree proton-decay, e.g.: p  e+p0– not yetobserved(t >1034y))

  17. Unknownsymmetries Physics is the study of symmetries and symmetry breaking: Are there yet unknown symmetries?

  18. Supersymmetry – hopeordead end? Matter Force Carriers • If nature is supersymmetric: a "doppelgänger" state to every presently known elementary particle (lightest one … stable; Dark Matter?) None observed yet!

  19. Ourcontributions Search for CP-Violation Electric Dipole Moments (EDM): Search for Dark Matter (Axions): Investigate neutrino properties:

  20. Big questions – whocares?

  21. Big questions – whocares? • Do we (really) needtoknow: • ifneutrinoshavemass? • why matter haswonover antimatter? • whatthefateisoftheUniverse? • … • Use-inspired (insteadofcuriosity-driven) basicresearch?!

  22. Big questions – whocares? • Do we (really) needtoknow: • ifneutrinoshavemass? • why matter haswonover antimatter? • whatthefateisoftheUniverse? • … • Use-inspired (insteadofcuriosity-driven) basicresearch?! • Similarquestionsmayhavebeenaskedbyourancestors: • GR: tinyinfluenceofmass on time  GPS • Spin: magneticmomentofprotons NMR/MRI • QM: stimulatedemissionof light  LASER • …

  23. Take home: Science comprises all! • Data • Collection (BRAHE QUADRANT)

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