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1937-1945

CHAPTER 23 Global Conflict: World War II. 1937-1945. CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ. “…a day that will live in infamy.”. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941. TIMELINE. 1937 Japan attacks China’s five northern provinces

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1937-1945

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  1. CHAPTER 23 Global Conflict: World War II 1937-1945 CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

  2. “…a day that will live in infamy.” Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941

  3. TIMELINE 1937 Japan attacks China’s five northern provinces December: Japanese warplanes sink U.S. Panay 1938 March: Hitler annexes Austria September: Hitler occupies Sudetenland September: the Munich Accords 1939 March: Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia and threatens Poland August: Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact and invade Poland September: Britain and France declare war on Germany Congress passes 3rd Neutrality Act 1941 June: Executive Order 8802 December 7: Pearl Harbor naval base attacked by Japanese bombers

  4. TIMELINE 1942 February: War Relocation Authority Office of War Information U.S. government officials learn of Nazi efforts to exterminate Jews Operation Torch June: Adm. Nimitz wins at Midway August: Battle of Stalingrad begins 1943 January: Battle of Stalingrad ends United Mine Workers strike Smith-Connally Act May: Axis soldiers in north Africa surrender

  5. TIMELINE 1944 Allied soldiers reach Rome February: Adm. Nimitz secures the Marshall Islands and the Marianas June: D-Day June: Attack on Saipan 1945 April: Hitler commits suicide April: FDR dies of cerebral hemorrhage May: Victory in Europe Allied victories in Iwo Jima and Okinawa July: Truman, Stalin, Churchill demand unconditional surrender at Potsdam, Germany July: first test of atomic bomb August: Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed with nuclear weapons September: Japanese surrender

  6. GLOBAL CONFLICT: WORLD WAR II Overview • Mobilizing for War • Pearl Harbor: The United States Enters the War • The Home Front • Race and War • Total War

  7. MOBILIZING FOR WAR • The Rise of Fascism • Aggression in Europe and Asia • The Great Debate: Americans Contemplate War

  8. The Rise of Fascism • Mussolini’s “March on Rome” in 1922 • Hitler’s “Beer Hall” putsch in 1923 • Hitler’s Mein Kampf condemned Versailles Treaty and proposed Final Solution for European Jewry • Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 • Upon President of Germany’s death, Hitler became the Fuhrer of the Third Reich

  9. Aggression in Europe • Hitler marched into Rhineland • March 1938: Hitler annexed Austria • September 1938: Hitler demanded Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia • September 29, 1938: Hitler met with Mussolini, Daladier, Chamberlain in the Munich Conference • March 1939: Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia • August 1939: Hitler and Stalin signd pact of non-aggression and agreed to divide Poland. September 1, Hitler invaded Poland.

  10. Aggression in Asia • 1931: Japanese military staged coup and took over foreign policy • 1932: Japanese troops occupied Manchuria in China • 1937: Japan attacked China’s five northern provinces • December, 1937: Japan sunk American gunboat on Yangtze River, but apologized

  11. The Great Debate: Americans Contemplate War • The “cash and carry” Neutrality Act • The Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies: advocated helping England by all means short of war • The America First Committee: isolationists seeking protection behind the oceans

  12. PEARL HARBOR: THE UNITED STATES ENTERS THE WAR • December 7, 1941 • Japanese American Relocation • Foreign Nationals in the United States • Wartime Migrations

  13. December 7, 1941 • 7:55am: Japanese bombers attacked U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. • The surprise attack killed more than 2,000 U.S. soldiers and destroyed most of the U.S. Pacific fleet, and half of the U.S. Far East Air Force. • Congress immediately declared war against Japan. • 3 days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.

  14. Japanese American Relocation • More than 100,000 Japanese Americans rounded up and placed in internment camps • Executive Order of internment and War Relocation Authority • 1943: some leave to attend colleges, take service jobs, or serve in the military

  15. Foreign Nationals in the United States • German and Italian nationals subjected to new regulations • Smith Act of 1940 • All foreign-born residents registered and fingerprinted, as well as broader grounds for deportation • Prompted by the war, a large number of immigrants became American citizens.

  16. Wartime Migrations • African Americans migrated to northern cities to work in war industry plants • Mexicans imported to work in the agricultural and seasonal jobs

  17. THE HOME FRONT • Building Morale • Home Front Workers, Rosie the Riveter, and Victory Girls

  18. Building Morale • Office of War Information • Movies • Radio programs • Publications • Posters • Encouraging work in war industries and preserving the “American way of Life”

  19. Home Front Workers, Rosie the Riveter, and Victory Girls • New employment opportunities for women and disabled • Rosie the Riveter, symbol of women war workers • Wages climb • Unions include women and minorities as members • Victory Girls: a fling with a soldier is a patriotic duty

  20. RACE AND WAR • The Holocaust • Racial Tensions at Home • Fighting for the “Double V”

  21. The Holocaust • 6 million Jews are killed, along with homosexuals, disabled, and Gypsies (or Romani) • American knowledge of Jewish persecution began in 1930s • Word of extermination camps in 1941 • Anti-Semitism grew in the United States • Denmark defied Nazis; Dominican Republic took in Jewish refugees

  22. Racial Tensions at Home • Randolph, President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, suggested march to Washington to protest discriminatory hiring practices in defense industry • Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 banning discrimination in defense industries • Fair Employment Practices Commission

  23. Fighting for the “Double V” • African Americans enthusiastically enlisted in the armed services • Navajo “Code Talkers” • By 1945, one-third of all able-bodied Native Americans served during the war

  24. TOTAL WAR • The War in Europe • The War in the Pacific • The End of the War

  25. The War in Europe • Allies attacked through “the soft underbelly of Europe” • May, 1943: Germans driven from Africa • Eastern front: Battle of Stalingrad. Soviets pushed Germans back in February, 1943 • Summer of 1943: Allies seized Sicily • September 1943: Mussolini surrendered • 1943: Germany covered with bombs: heavy loss of German lives • June, 1944: Operation Overlord (D-Day invasion) • Allies at German border by September • May, 1945: Germany surrendered

  26. World War II in Europe

  27. The War in the Pacific • Philippines fell to Japanese in May, 1942 • May, 1942: U.S. victory at Battle of the Coral Sea • August, 1942: Guadalcanal battle began • General MacArthur “leapfrogs” around southern Pacific • Admiral Nimitz moved across the Central Pacific • Late 1944: U.S. captured Mariana Islands and began bombing Japan

  28. World War II in the Pacific

  29. The End of the War • The Manhattan Project • July 26, 1945: Truman and Churchill and the Potsdam Declaration • August 6, 1945: Atom bomb on Hiroshima: 80,000 people died immediately • August 8, 1945: Atom bomb dropped on Nagasaki • September 2, 1945: Japan surrendered

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