UNIT 2: THE NEW REPUBLIC

1. UNIT 2: THE NEW REPUBLIC REVOLUTION TO THE WAR OF 1812

2. Dance to Revolution 2: “STILL DANCING (1773-1776) By: Jay Johnston Leavenworth HS

3. King George III (1738-1820) • King of England. • Strong supporter of taxing the colonies to pay for the debt. • He opposed any compromise with the colonial government in America. • After losing the colonies, he withdrew his efforts at personal government and went insane. “Once vigorous measures appear to be the only means left of bringing the Americans to a due submission to the mother country, the colonies will submit.”

4. British concerned by disloyalty of American shippers in war Many colonies refused to provide money or troops for war Colonists wanted rights of Englishmen, but not responsibilities. Inter-colonial disunity had continued through war (distance, religion, ethnicity, class), but participants in war had found commonality Restless Colonials1763

5. Too Late…

6. Tea Act (1773) • British East India Co.: • Monopoly on British tea imports. • Many members of Parliament held shares. • Permitted the Company to sell tea directly to colonies without colonial middlemen (cheaper tea!) • North expected the colonies to eagerly choose the cheaper tea.

7. BOSTON TEA PARTY • Tea Act, East India Company • Made it illegal for the colonies to buy non-British tea and forced the colonies to pay the tea tax of 3 cents/pound. • The Colonists had to buy tea from the East India Tea Company----gave them a monopoly • Colonists claimed it was “taxation without representation” • Sons of Liberty protested against the Tea Act in Dec. 1773 by dumping 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor

8. Boston Tea Party (1773)

9. BOSTON TEA PARTY • To the British, the Boston Tea Party represented a crucial change in the relationship with the Colonies, an act of defiance.

10. WHAT IS THE BRITISH RESPONSE?

11. The Coercive Acts (1774) 1. Port Bill 2. Government Act 3. New Quartering Act Lord North 4. Administration of Justice Act

12. THE COERCIVE ACTS • Convinced that severe punishment was essential to British credibility, Parliament passed four Coercive Acts during the spring of 1774 • Boston Port Act closed Boston Harbor until Boston paid for the tea, British also hoped to isolate Boston from other colonies • Massachusetts Government Act – overturned Mass Charter of 1691, made the council appointive, and restricted town meetings • New Quartering Act allowed army to house soldiers on any civilian property • Administration of Justice Act permitted a British soldier or officer charged with a crime while carrying out duties to be tried in another colony or in England

13. Boston Tea Party COERCIVE ACTS Closed the port of Boston from Colonial trade and placed Massachusetts under martial law until Colonists paid for the tea. Colonists referred to these as the “Intolerable Acts”

14. COLONIAL RESPONSE • To the colonists they became known as the Intolerable Acts • these acts united the colonists • When royal governors dismissed assemblies, colonies would elect provincial congresses • As more people joined resistance, royal governments began to collapse • But the Government act was ignored by the colonists and it does lead to the summoning of the First Continental Congress

15. First Continental Congress (1774) 55 delegates from 12 colonies Agenda How to respond to the Coercive Acts 1 vote per colony represented.

16. FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS • Met in Philadelphia's Carpenter Hall in September 1774 • They agreed on non-importation on most British goods especially tea and molasses • They agreed to meet again in May of 1775 if British response was unsatisfactory • The Continental Congress began to act as the official government of the United States

17. 1ST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS • Colonies send their representatives to Philadelphia to form a Congress in response to the Intolerable Acts in 1774 • Main goal was to try and negotiate with King George and Parliament • Moderates argue with Radicals whether or not to go to war. • Representatives send a document “Declaration of Rights and Grievances” in 1774 to King George and Parliament • In the meantime, Congress ordered militias to prepare for war.

18. BRITISH TROOP DEPLOYMENT 1770

19. BRITISH TROOP DEPLOYMENT • After the Boston Tea Party the British send more troops to enforce the Intolerable Acts. • Colonial militias prepare for war.

20. Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come. Patrick Henry(1736-1799)Revolutionary War orator, radical and statesman. In a speech urging armed resistance against the British. Speech was given in March of 1775. It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace -- but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms!

21. PHenry Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take but as for me: “Give me liberty or give me death”.

22. AND SO IT BEGINS • News of the Congress hits England • They know of colonists building up arms supplies • Britain was determined to stomp rebellion by force • Lord North ordered General Gage to send troops to Lexington to and arrest John Hancock and Samuel Adams • They would then move to Concord to destroy the arms there • Word had spread through the countryside and Boston radicals became prepared

23. The British Are Coming . . . Paul Revere & William Dawes make their midnight ride to warn the Minutemen of approaching British soldiers.

24. The Shot Heard ’Round the World! Lexington & Concord – April 19,1775

25. BUNKER HILL • June 17, 1775 • The British suffered over 40% casualties. • 2,250 men • 1,054 injured • 226 killed • Americans: Moral victory • 800 men • 140 killed • 271 wounded • King George sends 10,000 Hessian soldiers to help put down the rebellion.

26. Lexington • British attempt to “search and seize” stolen weapons. • First shots of the Revolution in Action

27. BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL OR BREED'S HILL Battle of Bunker Hill raised the moral of the American Army though the British won the battle and suffered severe casualties. The Americans held there own against the greatest army in the world. The British never broke out of Boston or gained access to the countryside which the American army held.

28. 2nd CONTINENTAL CONGRESS • Would stay together throughout the war and became our first government of the United States. • Meets in May 1775, it inherited a war • Voted to turn militia besieging Boston into a Continental Army • On June 15, at urging of John Adams, Congress made George Washington commanding general of Continental Army • In 1775 the colonial objective in fighting was to restore government by consent under the crown and British rule

29. 2nd CONTINENTAL CONGRESS • Came together again after the battles of Lexington and Concord, May 10, 1775. • Organized first American army called the Continental Army and appointed George Washington as our Commanding General. • Willing to stay part of the empire but King must “redress our grievances” • Congress prepares for war…….

30. The Second Continental Congress(1775) Olive Branch Petition

31. OLIVE BRANCH PETITION • On July 5 1775 Congress approved an Olive Branch Petition to King George III in the hopes of ending bloodshed • Affirmed colonial loyalty • Did not mention “rights” • Asked the king to take the initiative in finding a solution • The ultimate goal stated is these documents was to preserve the British-Colonial union, not destroy it • The king’s refusal to even receive the documents emboldened radicals

32. THE IMPROVISED WAR • After George III dismissed the Olive Branch Petition Congress began debating the possibility of Independence • Resistance to Independence came mostly from mid-Atlantic colonies (NY to Maryland) • Many are still loyalists that believe the war can come to a peaceful resolution • This is due to the presence of royal assemblies in those colonies which were still competing for the loyalties of people

33. Thomas Paine: Common Sense

34. COMMON SENSE • Written by Thomas Paine in January 1776 • Came to America in 1774 from England and got caught up in the Revolutionary Spirit • Wrote a 50 page pamphlet that would convince many Americans that King George was a tyrant and declaring independence from Great Britain was our only choice. • “There is something very absurd, in supposing a Continent to be perpetually governed by an island”

35. COMMON SENSE Any dependence on Great Britain tends directly involve this continent in European wars and quarrels, and sets us at odds with nations who would otherwise seek our friendship……. Everything that is right or natural pleads for separation…”TIS TIME TO PART”… The king has shown himself an enemy to liberty and discovered a thirst for arbitrary power. Is he, or is he not, a proper man to say to the colonies. “You shall make no laws but what I please”? The whole power of the crown will be exerted to keep this continent as low and humble as possible…… Reconciliation and ruin are nearly related….TIS TIME TO PART

36. INDEPENDENCE • Finally on May 15 1776 Congress voted to reject authority of the British • In early June, Congress decided to create a committee to draft a resolution that would state their reasons for separation • The committee chosen to prepare the statement: • Virginia plantation owner Thomas Jefferson* • Boston lawyer John Adams • Connecticut judge Roger Sherman • New York lawyer Robert Livingston • Philadelphia printer Benjamin Franklin • On July 2, Congress passed Richard Henry Lee’s resolution to dissolve the relationship with Great Britain and declare the United States free • 2 days later the colonies approved the Declaration of Independence

37. Declaration of Independence (1776)

38. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE • Explain to the world why separation from England was necessary • New theory of government (democracy---people rule) • 27 grievances listed against King George • Declaration of War • We became the United States of America

39. THOMAS JEFFERSON • Plantation owner from Virginia • Renaissance man • Owned slaves • Representative to the 2nd Continental Congress from Virginia • Father of the Declaration of Independence.

40. Independence Hall

41. Declaration in Word! • http://www.youtube.com/user/officevideos?blend=1&ob=5#p/u/0/xw_1I1oYApw

42. NEXT LECTURE! • WHO ARE THE COSMOPOLITANS AND THE LOCALISTS