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The Growth of Cognitive Modeling in Human-Computer Interaction Since GOMS

The Growth of Cognitive Modeling in Human-Computer Interaction Since GOMS. 2005.2.14. ※GOMS. √ Card, Moran, Newell(1980a,1980b,1983) 이 제시한 modeling 기법 . ▪ 인간의 정보처리과정에 대한 이론인 인지복잡도 이론과 MHP(Model Humal Process) 에 근거한 과학적이면서도 실용적인 평가방법임 .

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The Growth of Cognitive Modeling in Human-Computer Interaction Since GOMS

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  1. The Growth of Cognitive Modeling in Human-Computer Interaction Since GOMS 2005.2.14 UI lab

  2. ※GOMS √ Card, Moran, Newell(1980a,1980b,1983)이 제시한 modeling 기법. ▪ 인간의 정보처리과정에 대한 이론인 인지복잡도 이론과 MHP(Model Humal Process)에 근거한 과학적이면서도 실용적인 평가방법임. ▪ G(Goal), O(Opertors), M(Mothods), S(Selection Rules) : 인간의 행위를 목표, 조작, 방법, 선택규칙등으로 표현 ▪ 가정 : 각 작업 목표에 정확한 수행단계가 정해져 있으며 사용자가 한번도 실수하지 않고 작업을 완료한다. ▪ 종류 -기본 GOMS모델, 키 입력 수준 모델(Keystroke Level Model), odel-UT(Unit Task) UI lab

  3. 1.GOMS as cognitive modeling √ The purpose of this article -Examine the strengths and waeknesses of such models, focusing in particular on confirmations and extentions that have emerged since the original proposals. UI lab

  4. 1.GOMS as cognitive modeling √ GOMS Framwork -provided Card et al. with basis for predicting the methods and oprators users would follow in carrying out a particular well-known task(the goal)and, given a method, how long that task would take. √ Goals Intention Evalution Expectation Interpretation Action Specification Excution Perception Figure 1. The seven stepsof user activities involved in the performance of a computer-based task (based on Norman, 1986) UI lab

  5. 1.GOMS as cognitive modeling √ The original GOMS framework foused on explaining the selection from memory of methods apppropriate to the situation and the time to specify and to execute the action. √ 이 접근의 strength : ability to predict to the time it takes a skilled user to execute a task based on the composite of actions of retriving plans from long-term memory. √ Card et al. - found parameters that were very consistent across tasksof notewere: 1. A keystroke, called k, for a midskilled typist is 280msec 2. A single mental oprator, called M(1.35s) 3. Pointing, called P(1.1sec) 4. Moving the hand, called H(400msec) UI lab

  6. *Limitations of the GOMS Approach • √ The compilation of these shortcomings includes: • The model applied to skilled users, not to beginner or intermediates. • The model focused on errorless performance • The model does not address mental workliad • The model does not address the amount and kind of fatigue users experience using a system • The model does not account for individual differences among users • Etc.. UI lab

  7. *Plan of this Article • √ Review.. • The extent to which the quantitative estimates of task components described by Card et al(1983) • A number of investigatiors have taken the Card et al. framework in new directions. • ▪ the study of learning and trasfer • ▪ the study of errors • ▪ the analysis of parallel processes • 3. A number of limitations remain, either because cognitive science currently provides no guidance to this aspect of human-computer interaction, or because the questions require a wholly different modeling approach. UI lab

  8. 2. Adnances in Modeling Specific Serial Components √ GOMS and MHP √ The parameters cluter into three general classes 1. Motor movement -Keying,Moving a Mouse, Hand Movements 2. Perception 3. Memory and cognition -Memory retrieval, Executing steps in aTask, Choosing amang methods √ Predicting Composite Performance Form These Parameters UI lab

  9. 3. Extensions of the basic framwork √ Grammers - to make explicit the knowledge a user must have in order to translate from goals to actions in a particular system. - TAG, dictionary of tasks, rules √ Production systems - to represent the GOMS structure of task knowledge and significant aspects of the MHP. -This improves th eoriginal GOMS theory. -Fig.9 (SQL) UI lab

  10. 3. Extensions of the basic framwork √ Learning and transfer - Time to learn ▪ Cognitive complexity Theory :developed an extention of GOMS - Transfer of training form one sysem to the other(Fig. 10) √ The analysis of errors: forgetting from working memory(Fig.11) √ Parallel Processes ▪ The user is bombarded with a set of external signals that sometimes occur in parallel ▪ Mental events perhaps occur in parallel, sending cascaded information from one to the next. ▪ External actions are elicited in pqrallel. √ Critical Path analysis: An Approach to parallel Processing UI lab

  11. 4. The Place of Cognitive Modeling in Human-Computer Interaction √ Additional plausible and useful extensions - Nonskilled or Casual Users : 특정 시스템에서의 숙련된 사용자를 사용 - Learning : - Errors and Mental Workload : 숙련된 퍼포먼스를 가진다해도 에러가 발생. - Cognitive processes : visual display의 해석이 가장 중요. - Parallel Processes : 빠르고 숙련된 퍼포먼스에서 보임. - Individual Differences √ Cognotove modeling in human–conputer interaction 1. This approach does not capture the impact of fatigue on the times and errors associated with performance 2. Do not see a possible extension of these models that would include assessment of pepple’s perception of the acceptability of an interface. “Despite theses limitations, large classes of applications can be characterized in just the way that GOMS and its successors require.” UI lab

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