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Respiratory failure

Respiratory failure. The lung is the organ who responsible of providing oxygen to the body , through inspiration and expiration . External respiration : it is the diffusion of oxygen through the alveolar capillary membrane .

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Respiratory failure

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  1. Respiratory failure

  2. The lung is the organ who responsible of providing oxygen to the body , through inspiration and expiration . • External respiration : it is the diffusion of oxygen through the alveolar capillary membrane . • Internal respiration :it is the distribution of oxygen by the circulatory system to the various vascular beds .

  3. (external respiration) • (internal respiration)

  4. Definition : it is the failure of the lungs to provide adequate oxygenation or ventilation for the blood . It is two type : • Oxygenation failure . • Ventilatory failure .

  5. Oxygenation failure • Mild (PaO2 60 to79 mmHg ) . • Moderate ( PaO2 40 TO 59 mmHg ). • Severe (PaO2 less than 40 mmHg ).

  6. Etiology • Shunt : from right side to the left side . Eg ventricular septal defect . • Ventilation –perfusion (V/Q)mis-matching . • High altitude . • Fires .

  7. Ventilatory failure • Etiology : - • Depression of the respiratory center by ; drugs, diseases of the brain , spinal cord abnormalities . • Muscular diseases . • Thoracic cage abnormalities . • Upper and lower airway obstruction .

  8. Malnutrition . • Electrolyte disturbances . • Lung hyperinflation ( emphysema ) .

  9. pathophysiology • Oxygenation failure : • Hypoxemia tachypnea Paco2 and Pao2 • Hypoxemia capillary constriction PVR right heart workload right ventricular failure • RHF LD COR PULMONALE . • Brain sensorium and cognitive function loss of consciousness .

  10. Ventilatory failure : • PaCo2 PH . • Somnolence and coma .

  11. Clinical features Oxygenation failure : • Central cyanosis . • Abnormal vital signs : tachycardia , tachypnea ,hypertension . • Confusion , agitation . • Premature ventricular contractions . • Corpulmonale, hepatomegaly , JVD , pedal edema .

  12. Laboratory abnormalities • Low Pao2 . • Polycythemia .

  13. Chest x-ray • Edema . • Repiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). • Atelectasis . • Pneumonia .

  14. Ventilatory failure : • Headache . • Diminished alertness . • Warm and flushed skin . • Signs of diaphragm fatigue .

  15. TREATMENT • treat the cause . • mechanical ventilation .

  16. Thank you .

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