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Plan for Today’s Class

Plan for Today’s Class. View rest of video: “The Hearth,” part of Out of the Past video series Take short 5 minute break Return for short lecture on “The Archaeology of Gender”. REMEMBER!!. Critical Book Reviews are due IN CLASS Thursday, May 19, 2005 See Appendix 1 for Guidelines.

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Plan for Today’s Class

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  1. Plan for Today’s Class • View rest of video: “The Hearth,” part of Out of the Past video series • Take short 5 minute break • Return for short lecture on “The Archaeology of Gender”

  2. REMEMBER!! Critical Book Reviews are due IN CLASS Thursday, May 19, 2005 See Appendix 1 for Guidelines

  3. Unit 7 Quiz Available from Tuesday 3 pm to Friday midnight You must take 7 out of 9 quizzes to pass this class

  4. Unit 7: Social Relations and Identities Lecture 2 The Archaeology of Gender

  5. Social Status • “Rights, duties, privileges, powers, liabilities and immunities” that accrue to an individual based on some culturally-defined set of criteria. • Criteria: age, gender, kinship, occupation, class, race, ethnicity, place of residency, etc.

  6. Sex and Gender • Sex: biological differences between males and females • Gender: culturally constructed social categories that reference male/female difference in various and complex ways

  7. The Archaeology of Gender • Largely by-product of Post-Processual Critique of the 1980s and 1990s • Two Approaches: • Critical Theory: stories about past actively reinforce or contest social conditions in the present. • Marxist: analyzes changing roles of men and women in society and relative value of the products of their labor (control and power).

  8. Critical Theory Example: Joan Gero (1985) “Socio-Politics and the Woman-at-Home Ideology.” • Women in Society: invisible, ignored, delegated to domestic tasks. • Women in Archaeology: invisible, ignored, delegated to “domestic tasks.” • Women in Prehistory: invisible, ignored, delegated to domestic tasks.

  9. Marxist Analysis Example (1) • Cathy Lynne Costin (2002) “Cloth Production and Gender Relations in the Inka Empire.”

  10. Women in Andean Society: principle producers of social “wealth” in the form of textiles

  11. Wari women’s control over products of their own labor and their participation in the political arena changed as result of Inka conquest.

  12. Marxist Analysis Example (2) • “The Shifting Role of Women and Women’s Labor on the Late Prehistoric-Protohistoric Southern High Plains” • Paper presented at 5th World Archaeological Congress in June, 2003 and recently published (April 2005) in volume on “Gender and Hide Production.” • Reappraisal from “gendered perspective” of material analyzed for dissertation in 1980s

  13. Late Prehistoric to Protohistoric Transition on the Southern High Plains: • Demise of mixed farming-hunting-gathering economies. • Spread of specialized bison hunting and processing economies. • Expansion in the scope and intensity of inter-regional interaction and trade.

  14. Potential Causes of Change • Deteriorating climatic conditions. • Expansion of southern bison herds. • Demographic pressure and economic competition from migrating Athapaskan groups.

  15. Interaction with Rio Grande Pueblos

  16. Exchange of basic food stuffs--bison meat for corn--means of “buffering” shortages due to drought Creates mutualistic relationships between H-G and farmers Ambitious males took advantage of social disruption to enhance individual wealth, power, and prestige Bison Hides: form of social capital; exchanged as part of competitive status-building activities Reasons for Increasing Trade

  17. Arena of men. Exotic and high-value manufactured goods. Elaborate rituals and competitive displays. Fictive adoptions and exogamous marriages. Arena of women. Domestic and subsistence goods, plus personal items. Products of their own labor. Little pomp or ceremony. Ceremonial vs. Individual Trade

  18. Increasing Hide Production and the Shifting Role of Women’s Labor • Women’s roles shift from domestic food producers to commodity hide producers. • Hides used by men in competitive status-building activities. • Women no longer control products of their own labor.

  19. Shifting Role and Status of WomenExpectations of Model: • Intensification of bison processing and production of bison by-products. • Decreasing access by women to exotic raw materials and finished products. • Presence of non-local women on Protohistoric Southern High Plains sites.

  20. The Garza Complex (A.D. 1500-1700)

  21. Evidence for Intensive Bison Processing and Hide Production

  22. Women’s Access to Exotic Materials: Obsidian

  23. Women’s Access to Exotic Materials: Imported Jewelry and Personal Ornaments

  24. Evidence of Non-Local Women:Pottery

  25. Evidence for Non-Local Women:Bone Chemistry Analysis

  26. Summary • Protohistoric Southern High Plains economies focused on hunting, processing, and exchange of bison products. • Shift in women’s labor from subsistence production to commodity production. • Women have less control over products of their own labor. • Women’s labor converted into men’s status through competitive exchanges of dressed hides.

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