India

1. India Historical Understanding

2. GPS & E.Q. • GPS 07.SS.SEA.SS7H3.a Describe how nationalism led to independence in India.   • E.Q. How did nationalism lead to independence in India?

3. Vocabulary • Nationalism: desire for political independence, especially by a country under foreign control or by a people with a separate identity and culture but no state of their own. • Monopoly: an exclusive right to have or do something

4. Position • Europe, Arabia, and Africa lie west of India. • China lies east of India. • India is in a good position for trade with these regions.

5. The Portuguese 1498: Vasco da Gama landed at Calicut, India. The Portuguese set up trading along the Malabar Coast.

6. The English • 1600: British East India Trading Company (EITC) given right to monopoly to trade with India. • EITC’s main goal: to get spices from Indonesia; they needed cotton from India to trade for spices. • 1612: British won battle against Portuguese. • Result: British gained right to trade and set up factories from Indian Emperor. • Because Dutch controlled Indonesia, British focused attention on India. EITC traded for goods like silk, sugar, and opium.

7. The French • 1664, France started French equivalent of the British East India Trading Company (EITC). • 1740: sales half those of British EITC.

8. British & French Battle for Control of India • 1740: British decided France's power in India too great. British not successful in removing France from India. • 1751-1752: British and French each wanted to control Indian politics. Fought. French surrendered. • 1756: Seven Years' War began in Europe. British & French in India fought again. • 1761: French surrendered for 2nd time.

9. The Rise of the British East India Company • 1786:Britishexpandedholdings. • 1813: monopoly of EITC ended. All British citizens allowed to trade with India. • 1813-1843: British continued to gain new lands & strengthen grip on areas already under their rule. • 1838 – 1857: Defeat of British in 1st Afghan War caused Indians to realize British not invincible. • British aggravated Hindu population of India during 1850s. (They made English, instead of Persian, the official language. They prohibited suttee (in which Hindu widows threw themselves on their husbands' funeral pyres) and infanticide. They also allowed Hindu widows to remarry and sanctioned missionary activity.)

10. 1857: The Sepoy Mutiny (read only) • The growing Indian discontent with British rule erupted on May 10, 1857. • The sepoys, who were Indians trained by the British as soldiers, heard rumors that the cartridges for their new Enfield rifles were greased with lard and beef fat. • Since the cow is sacred to Hindus, and the pig is abhorrent to Muslims, all the sepoys were outraged, and they mutinied. • Although initially the mutiny was spontaneous, it quickly became more organized and the sepoys even took over the cities of Delhi and Kanpur.

11. 1857: The Sepoy Mutiny (read only) • This mutiny was harshly crushed by the British. • On September 20, 1857, the British recaptured Delhi, and in the following months, they recaptured 2 more cities. • The British victories were accompanied by widespread recrimination, and in many cases, unarmed sepoys were bayoneted, sown up in the carcasses of pigs or cows, or fired from cannons.

13. The British Take Control 8/2/1858: British Parliament passed Government of India Act -transferred authority for India from East India Company to Queen Victoria. 1876: Queen Victoria declared herself "Empress of India”. 1869, the Suez Canal completed - reduced the time for sea passage to India from 3 months to 3 weeks. Result: • British women began to come to India. • British developed their own society in India separate from Indian society. • More British goods were imported to India, destroying many Indian crafts. • End of 1800s: 90% of Indian population were farmers.

14. Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandEmpress of India

15. Suez Canal From Space Suez Canal

16. The Beginnings of Indian Nationalism • 1885: Hindu Indian National Congress established: goal - to gain independence. • 1906: joined by Muslim League who supported British. • 1905: British partitioned state of Bengal. Result: protests, and more support for independence from British.

17. The End of the Empire (copy bold) 1919: Britain passed Rowlatt Acts. Both Hindu and Muslim leaders protested these acts. Protests were especially fierce in the state of Punjab. On April 13, 1919, around 20 thousand unarmed men, women, and children gathered in a public square in Punjab's capital to protest these acts. British general R.E.H. Dyer brought 50 soldiers to the one passageway in and out of the square. Without warning, he ordered soldiers to fire into the gathering. In the next 15 minutes, 1650 shots were fired. Around 400 people were killed, and another 1200 wounded received no medical attention. Dyer later said that if he had had more ammunition, he would have continued to fire. • This massacre caused Mahatma Gandhi and other nationalist leaders to cease all cooperation with the British. The strategy for gaining independence was to boycott all British goods, schools, courts, and elections. Despite Gandhi's efforts, however, he was unable to gain widespread Muslim support for his efforts.

18. British general R.E.H. Dyer

19. The End of the Empire • 1921:Hindus and Muslimstook separate paths. During World War II, for example, while the Hindu Congress refused to support the British, war efforts were quietly supported by the Muslim League. • March 1914: Muslim League called for separate Muslim state in India. • 1947:British Parliament passed act establishing Hindu majority country of India & Muslim majority country of Pakistan. • midnight August 14, 1947: India & Pakistan became independent, ending British imperial rule of India.

21. Summary • Create a timeline of the rise of nationalism in India and its resulting independence.