Criminal Profiling

Criminal Profiling FBI (VI-CAP), Investigative Psychology; Behavioural [Equivocal] Analysis; Deductive & Inductive Method

Criminal Profiling - Approaches • F.B.I. Violent Offender Investigation Unit (former Behavioral Science Unit) - the official approach • Investigative psychology & environmental Psychology (Canter et al.) - alternative approaches • B.E.A. (Turvey: American Academy of Behavioral Profiling) - synthesis but deductive methods priviledged

Criminal Profiling • “The criminal personality profile is based on good crime scene examination and adequate information supplied to the profiler” Gerbeth 1996 • "an educated attempt to provide investigative agencies with specific information as to the type of individual who committed the crime" Gerbeth 1981 • “eliminate all other factors, and the one which remains must be the truth” A.C. Doyle 1888

Profiling IV: Motivation • Power Re-Assurance [Compensatory] - behaviour that restores the offenders self worth and confidence. • Power Assertive [Entitlement] as above but expressed through control, mastery and humiliation while showing authority. • Anger Excitation [Sadistic] - the violence is eroticized or pleasure given from suffering - primarily sexual. • Anger Retaliatory [Anger/Displaced] - rage general , symbolic or specific often domestic violence, stranger sex assault, work related homicide etc. • Profit - material or personal gain - non-signature type & not related to any specific emotional need

Aims of Profiling 1. Social and psychological assessments of offenders demographic profile, age, race, employment & marital status narrowing the field of suspects, including likely geo-field & repetition cycle. 2. Psychological evaluations of belongings found on suspects -examples: trophies & souvenirs 3. Suggestions & strategies for interviewing suspects

Assumptions of Profiling • The rational relies on the uniqueness of experience & different personality types will be reflected in lifestyles & behaviour. This leads to assumptions about profiling: • The crime scene reflects the personality • The methods remain similar • The signature remains the same • The personality will not change

Role of Profiling: Investigative Phase • Reduces the pool of suspects • Links similar crimes through unique indicators & behavior patterns • Assess potential for escalation in crime seriousness & frequency • Provides investigators with potential leads and approaches

Role of Profiling: Trial Phase • Assists in evaluation of evidence • Assists in developing interview strategies • Helps gain insight on offender motivation • Helps suggest a crime scene linkage by modus operandi and signature behavior

Serial Killers: “In this true Mirror we may plainly see what wretches people all by nature be.” • The Bloody Innkeeper (1675) • John Johnson (1619) • Thomas Lancaster (1671) • Robert Greenway (1708) Elisabeth Countess Bathory-1574

First Profile?: ‘Jack the Ripper’ • First known case of killer profiling-Dr. Thomas Bond examined the victim-Mary Kelly • Determined some personality traits of the killer from victim • Often considered the first recorded serial killer because of the nature of the crimes (a typical sexual motive).

Forensic Psychiatrist: Dr. Park Dietz • Changed the practice of forensic psychology • Worked on serial killer cases: Jeffrey Dahmer, Unabomber, Joel Rifkin. “Are there really natural born killers or should we look for answers in terms of the alienation of the late 20th century?”

Serial murder Films USA

Talk Shows Films TV Show Plots Art Exhibits Comic Books Trading Cards Pop Songs T-Shirts 900 Numbers ‘Cult’ groupies Serial Killers & Profiling: culture?

Willie (1974) Types Depressive Psychotic organic brain Disorder Psychopathic Passive aggressive Alcoholic Hysterical Juvenile Mentally retarded sex killers Lee (1988) Motives Profit Passion Hatred Power / domination Revenge Opportunism Fear Contract killing Desperation Compassion Typologies of Murder and Motive

F.B.I. Model (VI-CAP- CSA) • Six Steps • Profiling Inputs • Decision Process Models • Crime Assessment • Criminal Profile • Investigation • Apprehension

Profiling "..most efficacious in cases where an unknown perpetrator has displayed indications of psycho-pathology" [Holmes & Holmes 1994]. Relevant for homicides or serial crimes of the following types: • sadistic torture in sexual assaults • evisceration • post-mortem slashing & cutting • motiveless fire-setting or arson • lust and mutilation murder • rape • satanic & ritualistic crime • pedophilia

Anti-social Personality Disorder DSM - IVR: Diagnostic criteria A. There is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15, as indicated by 3 or more of the following- • Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviours as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest • Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure • Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead

Anti-social Personality Disorder DSM-IVR: Diagnostic criteria II 4. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults 5. Reckless disregard for the safety of self or others 6. Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behaviour or honour financial obligations 7. Lack of remorse , as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalising having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.

Anti-social Personality Disorder DSM-IVR: Diagnostic criteria III B. The person is at least age 18 years. C. There is evidence of Conduct Disorder with onset before age 15. D. the occurrence of anti-social behaviour is not exclusively during the course of a Schizophrenia or a Manic Episode. Associated Features and Disorders - Dysphoria, depressive, anxiety and substance abuse disorders & meet many of the criteria of other PD’s Borderline, histrionic & narcissistic. Prevalence: 3% of males [1% of females] in the community and 3-30% of subjects in treatment and forensic populations [e.g. prison].

Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) Factor 1: Measures of selfish, callous & remorseless use of others & includes most of the personality characteristics of the traditional clinical concept of the disorder - traits are inferred rather than explicit. • Glibness/superficial charm • Grandiose sense of self-worth/narcissism • Pathological lying & deception • Conning (insincere), manipulative behaviour • Lack of remorse or guilt • Shallow affect • Callousness/lack of empathy • Failure to accept responsibility for actions

Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) 3 Other Factors: • Promiscuous sexual behaviour • Many short-term marital relations • Criminal versatility • Drug & alcohol not direct cause of anti-social behaviour Cleckley’s (1962) “The Mask of Insanity” -- machine man & insensitivity may have physiological origins

Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) 2 Factor 2: Measures social deviance manifest as a chronically unstable & anti-social lifestyle - more explicit than Factor 1. • Need for stimulation/prone to boredom • Parasitic lifestyle/behaviour • Poor behavioural controls • Early behavioural problems • Lack of realistic long-term goals • Impulsivity • Irresponsible • Juvenile delinquency/criminal record • Revocation of conditional release or supervision

PSYCHOPATH Self-concept: Invulnerable Superior Pre-emptive rights Sees Others: Dupes/stupid Inferior Weak Strategies: Manipulative Violence REACTIVE Vulnerable Fluctuates/unstable Fragile rights Hostile Oppositional The enemy Inadequate problem solving “Defensive” violence Psychopathy Vs Reactive Offender

Typology of Serial Killers: Holmes & DeBurger [1988] • Visionary - kill because of visions - generally psychotic • Mission orientated - rid society of certain types of people eg. prostitutes, runaway kids, racial group etc • Hedonistic - "thrill seekers" & lust killers • Power/Control orientated - pleasure is not sexual but power - often killing when the victim abandons hope of survival and acquiesces

Serial Killers- Typologies • The Stable Killer • The Transient Killer • The Organized Killer • The Disorganized Killer Ted Bundy

Basic Typology

Organised Killer intelligent high birth order masculine image charismatic socially capable sexually capable occupationally mobile lives with partner geographically mobile experienced harsh childhood discipline controlled emotions interested in media model inmate Dis-organised Killer below average IQ low birth order socially immature seldom dates high school failure unemployed father lives alone has secret hiding places nocturnal lives/works near crime unskilled worker behaviour change low interest in media little alcohol consumption high anxiety during crime FBI Psychological Profile of Lust Killers

FBI’s Approach to Offender Profiling: Disorganized • Unplanned and disorganized behaviour & lack of control at the crime scene • Offenders are - • Low intelligence • Socially and sexually inept • Live alone • Severe mental illness • Likely have been suffered from physical or sexual abuse as a child • Frightened or confused state of mind

FBI Profile: Organized • Show signs of planning and evidence of control at the crime scene • Offenders are - • Intelligent • Socially skilled • Sexually competent • Live with a partner • Usually target strangers • Antisocial and psychopathic personality

Four Stages of Crime: Serial Killers • Pre-crime Stage • Actual commission of crime • Disposal of body • Post-crime behavior Assessment :Organized or Disorganized Risk and Victimization

Investigation & Forensic Techniques (Keppel:1989) Solvability of serial killer crime depends on: • quality of police interviews with witnesses • circumstances that lead to the initial contact with the murderer • circumstances that established probable cause to search & seize physical evidence • quality of scene crime investigation • quality of scientific analysis of physical evidence

General Profiling & Risk Assessment Risk profiling and threat assessment is now applied to many types of offending and behaviours: Drug offenders/organised crime Burglary Commercial crime -- fraud & deception Pre-employment screening Terrorism & counter-terrorism Cyber-crime Any behaviour that may pose a risk but were there is absence of specific intelligence about the persons involved

learning problems poor school behaviour absent parents lying fights with siblings disobedient pre-occupied & fascinated by fire impulsive unhappy dysfunctional family needs security & affection impatient poor concentration attention seeking peer influence Profile of Fire-setters

David Canter’s ApproachAssumes - offfender’s actions at the crime scene can reveal information about his background • Five Steps: • Interpersonal Coherence • Significance of time and place • Criminal Characteristics • Criminal Career • Forensic Awareness

Canter: Five Factors • Residential location • Criminal biography • Domestic / Social characteristics • Personal characteristics • Occupational / Educational history Three methods: Facet Theory, Smallest Space Analysis (SSA) & Circle Hypothesis of Environmental Range

CRIME SCENE EXAMINATIONOVERALL OBJECTIVE • To enhance the effectiveness of scientific and technical evidence by improved crime scene management and laboratory submissions, thereby upgrading evidence handling and presentation

identify physical evidence i.e. DNA, fingerprints trace property relative to the crime or left abandoned by suspects escape route evidence e.g. tyre or foot marks FORENSIC EXAMINATION OBJECTIVES

locate and interview witnesses and arrest suspects trace places of concealment or storage sites locate other crime scenes obtain intelligence FORENSIC EXAMINATION OBJECTIVES

EXAMINATION of CRIME SCENE REMEMBER YOU ONLY HAVE ONE CHANCE OF PROPERLY EXAMINING A CRIME SCENE

EVIDENCE Evidence is the means by which disputed facts are proved to be true or untrue in any trial before a court of law or an agency that functions like a court

THE LOCARD EXCHANGE PRINCIPLE Whenever two objects meet there is an exchange of material from each to the other

TYPES of EVIDENCE • fingerprints • contact trace -- fibres, hairs etc • physical or mechanical fit -- burglary instrument marks; drug packaging, especially striation marks on bags/wrappings • DNA -- saliva or other bodily fluids • witness testimony • admission by suspect

FORENSIC EVIDENCE SUBMISSIONS • fibres and hairs • tapings • blood • fabric marks • mechanical / physical fit • tyre marks • plaster casting • fingerprints

in order topreserveevidence: CRIME SCENE PRESERVATION • minimise contamination • prevent unauthorised entry • ensure protective clothing is worn by all who enter scene • commence a scene log

MUSTbe photographed and/or video recorded prior to examination for 3 main purposes :- CRIME SCENE PRESERVATION • evidential value • suspect/witness identification • briefing purposes

EXAMINATION of CRIME SCENE • Identified -- remember there may be more than one crime scene; also consider escape routes • Managed -- cordoned - preserved - log commenced • Controlled -- under the command of Crime Scene Coordinator/Manager so that best practice prevails and controlled, properly recorded retrieval takes place

CRIME SCENE -- EVIDENCE CONTAMINATION • Random transfer -- the accidental or incidental exchange of material • Control sample -- the known or suspected source of random transfer • Cross contamination -- the accidental or incidental contamination of the suspected object by material from thesource or point of contact other than contact trace

RATIONALE behind CONTAMINATION ISSUES • lossof material • evidence being obliterated • additional material being added • unnecessary movement of possible evidence

Role of Forensic Science Importance of forensic evidence for linking offender to victim and scene of crime includes: • autopsy, identification & cause of death • glass & soil fragments • organic analysis of compounds, chromatography, spectrophotometry & mass spectrometry • inorganic anlaysis of materials & objects by absorption spectrophotometry & neutron activation analysis • hair, fibres,& paint analysis typing & ID • drug & toxicological analysis of narcotics, alcohol, sedatives, hallucinogens, depressants stimulants, poisons.

Criminal Profiling