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Nominalisation

Nominalisation. Purpose of Nominalisation. Nominalisation helps achieve a higher degree of abstraction and technicality. Nominalisation is significant in constructing a distant and abstract world that can be reflected on.

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Nominalisation

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  1. Nominalisation Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  2. Purpose of Nominalisation • Nominalisation helps achieve a higher degree of abstraction and technicality. • Nominalisation is significant in constructing a distant and abstract world that can be reflected on. • Nominalisation is one of the language choices that enables movement towards highly written texts. Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  3. Creating nominalisations • Nominalisations are nouns often formed from verbs (e.g. discover > discovery, achieve > achievement, present > presentation, permit > permission). • describers (e.g. brave > bravery, wide > width, tense > tension), • conjunctions (e.g. because > cause, whereas > difference, if > possibility) • preposition (e.g. during > duration). Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  4. Creating nominalisations From Verbs • Many verbs can be changed into nominalisations by changing the end of the verb • eg. divide > division, pay > payment, sing > my singing • Some do not need change • eg. his diet, the struggle Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  5. Nominalisation in Schooling • Nominalisations are used in written and multimodal texts and in teacher talk across all learning areas and in each band. - Across curriculum (e.g. attention, assessment, co-operation, intelligence, behaviour) - Mathematics (e.g. length, division) - Science (e.g. sight, reproduction) - Society and Environment (e.g. relief, invasion) Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  6. Some common nominalisations in Maths Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  7. Some common nominalisations in Maths Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  8. Some common nominalisations in the Arts Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  9. Some common nominalisations in the Arts Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  10. Understanding Nominalisation Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  11. Understanding Nominalisation Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  12. Understanding Nominalisation Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  13. Rewriting an example Step 1 Identify the verbs • Students who complete what the school requires can graduate. When they receive their certificate, they can apply for work. Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  14. Rewriting an example Step 1 Identify the verbs • Students who complete what the school requires can graduate. When they receive their certificate, they can apply for work. Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  15. Rewriting an example Step 2 Nominalise these verbs • Complete > • Require > • Graduate > • Receive > • Apply > Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  16. Rewriting an example Step 2 Nominalise these verbs • Complete > Completion • Require > Requirement • Graduate > Graduation • Receive > Receipt • Apply > Application Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  17. Rewriting an example Step 3 • Try to rewrite the text using all nominalisations Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  18. Rewritten example • Completion of the school’s requirements can lead to graduation. Upon receipt of their certificate, students can make an application for work. • What other steps were required to rewrite the text? Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  19. Other changes • Change of verb > can lead to • Change of foregrounding > Completion of the school’s requirements • Longer noun groups > receipt of their certificate Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  20. Some considerations • The syntax of the sentence need to change to accommodate the nominalisations (eg. new verb) and as a result the meaning of the sentence may change • It is sometimes necessary to build student’s synonyms for common verbs and describers before they can nominalise them • Not all verbs/describers need to be nominalised • The appropriate level of nominalisation for the job Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  21. Building vocabulary prior to nominalisation • She did well in the play. • She performed well in the play. • Her performance in the play was excellent. • Her excellence was shown in her performance. • Her excellence was evident in her performance. • Evidence of her excellence was seen in her performance. (At what point does nominalisation become cumbersome and inappropriate?) Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  22. Building vocabulary prior to nominalisation • He took away the rubbish, because it had to be done. • He took away the rubbish, because it needed to be done. • He removed the rubbish, because it was necessary. • The removal of the rubbish was a necessity. Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  23. Text A (Spoken comments at a committee meeting) Hazel: I reckon we can replant the trees along the side of the oval nearest to the main road. It is very noisy on that side and the trees will make it better. I’ll ask the council to see if we can borrow some of their gear to use on the day. Vy: My husband said we can use his truck if we want to. I can see if my uncle can also lend us some tools. Text B (Written minutes of the meeting including some of the possible nominalisations) A proposal was made by Hazel that the revegetation occur along the side of the school’s oval nearest to the main road so that there is a reduction in noise. Hazel will make a request to borrow equipment from the council. Vy made the offer to use her husband’s truck and will investigate the possibility of borrowing equipment from her uncle. Understanding Nominalisation Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  24. Text B on the Register Continuum Text B Text B Text B Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  25. Nominalisation changes “packaging’ of information Texts with lots of nominalisation appear dense and difficult to read because: • Abstractions are named • Noun groups are complex • Relating verbs are used (e.g. contains, are, involves) • “Actors” are removed Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  26. Unpacking nominalisations • It is important to be able to “unpack” noun groups containing nominalisations • How could you explain the information below without using nominalisation? • How many sentences does it take? • The dramatic increase of illegal logging in rainforests is of international significance. The reduction of suitable habitat is causing the extinction of some species and a general reduction of biodiversity. Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  27. Nominalisation and genres • Nominalisation is an important resource for successful development of factual genres • Used to introduce technical terms in explanations or reports • eg. Heat from the sun causes liquid water to become water vapour. This process is called evaporation. Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  28. Nominalisation and genres • Used to foreground the theme of the sentence/clause • eg. When the sun heats the water, it evaporates into steam. Evaporation causes the steam to rise, cool and condense. Condensation into clouds makes the water droplets heavy and they fall to the ground. This is precipitation. Precipitation can be rain, snow or hail. Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  29. Nominalisation and genres • Used to organise research and writing • Report eg. Location, Population, Economy • Explanation eg. Causes, Effects, Consequences • Exposition eg. Arguments, Reasons, Factors, Issues Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  30. Nominalisation across the ESL Scales Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  31. Professional Learning • The Teaching ESL Students in Mainstream Classrooms (TESMC) course and the HowLanguage Works course both raise teacher awareness of the importance of nominalisation in schooling and build their capacity to explicitly teach it • ESL Regional Consultants also offer training Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

  32. Literacy SecretariatLiteracy is everyone’s business

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