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Religious and Reform Movements of the early 19 th century

Explore religious movements, education reforms, temperance, income inequality, and prison reforms in a changing society.

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Religious and Reform Movements of the early 19 th century

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  1. Religious and Reform Movements of the early 19th century

  2. Changing Economy • New mechanized procedures for making textiles (cloth), lead to the development of factories. • Factory work draws people to live in cities. Urbanization is the migration of people into cities. • Women (Lowell System) and children (Rhode Island System) are often working in these factories.

  3. Second Great Awakening • Religious revival of the early 19th century. • Backlash against the Enlightenment. • Personal, emotional connection w/ God emphasized. • Accessible to the “common man” • Women, African Americans, Native Americans participated.

  4. New Faiths and Missionaries • New Faiths emerged • The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saint • Seventh Day Adventist Church • Inspired missionaries • Marcus and Narcissa Whitman traveled over Oregon Trail to convert Native Americans.

  5. Utopianism • Shakers • World coming to an end • No need to have children • Men and women lived strictly separated • Oneida community • Rejected monogamy in marriage • Free love

  6. Sectionalism and Religion • Sectionalism= loyalty to one own region • South and West • Methodist and Baptist faith • Rowdy and raucous • South • Religious salvation to be determined through faith alone. • No need to demonstrate one’s faith through good works • North • Calmer • Followers asked to reform society • Leads to the reform movements

  7. 19th Century EducationPublic Schools • 1850s • Many communities created free schools • Noah Webster and others publish new textbooks • Schools taught “Three R’s”- Reading, ‘riting, and ‘rithmetic • Older children often taught younger children (Lancaster Model) • 1860 • In US 90% of all free adults could read & write

  8. EducationPublic Schools • Teachers • Poorly paid/trained • No standards for teacher education. • Schools were • Generally low quality • Schoolhouses uncomfortable and ill-equipped • Urban classes= stores & cellars. • Pretty boring, no room for individual growth/imagination.

  9. Education Reform • Horace Mann • Fought for laws that required school attendance. • Supported: • Higher teacher salaries • Better school equipment • Building of adequate and comfortable schools • More exciting education that encouraged the use of imagination • Created “normal schools” to train teachers

  10. Alcohol and the Temperance Movement The Problem: Alcohol • Production & use of alcohol increased. • Many saw it as: • Immoral and irreligious: • Leading to poverty and mental illness • Causing domestic abuse

  11. Alcohol and the Temperance Movement REFORM • Phase I- campaign against drunkenness • Phase II- campaign for total abstinence and prohibition (the banning of the sale of alcohol.) • American Temperance Union urged people to sign a pledge to swear off alcohol • Many states passed bans or restrictions on the sale of alcohol. • The 18th Amendment, ratified 1919, banned alcohol • 1933, repealed by 21st Amendment

  12. Income Inequality • As the economy expands, some people become very rich. • But others work very hard, and still remain in poverty. • Some reformers, like Thomas Skidmore, proposed that the rich not be allowed to pass their wealth onto their children. • Others thought that newly gained Western land be given out to people for free.

  13. Watch http://money.cnn.com/video/news/economy/2015/05/15/we-the-economy-income-inequality.cnnmoney/ and Fill out the Income Inequality portion of the chart

  14. Prison, Indebtedness, Juvenile Delinquency and Mental Illness • Overcrowded unsanitary conditions • Violent and non-violent criminals, men, women, juvenile criminals, physically sick, the poor and indebted and the mentally ill ALL housed together • Debtors • Put in prison for as little as $20 • Could not work in prison to pay back their debts.  In prison for years • Prisoners were often abused by their jailers or by each other. • Prisoners sometimes branded w/ hot irons. • Children & the mentally ill were particularly vulnerable.

  15. Prison Reform • New emphasis: • Rehabilitation rather than just imprisonment. • Belief that solitary confinement, hard labor and prayer would lead to reform. • Debtors: • Bankruptcy laws ban prison for debt • Workhouses created to teach the poor “good work habits”

  16. Prisons- Reform for Children • Houses of refuge created to house poor and delinquent children, but their policies were quite harsh (hard labor, harsh punishment) • “Orphan Train” created to ship orphaned or homeless children to the west to work on the frontier with adoptive families. • The majority of children in the Houses of Refuge were from Irish immigrant families.

  17. Dorothea Dix • Advocated that prisons teach literacy, have libraries, reduce beatings, and separate men women and children and the sick from the general population • Believed that insanity was a disease that could be cured by medicine. • Encouraged the creation of hospitals and asylums for the mentally ill, rather than putting them in jail. • Successfully raised money to open several asylums.

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