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WWII and The Latter Twentieth Century

WWII and The Latter Twentieth Century. Impacts on South Carolina Ch 26-28. When?. 1939-1945 US involvement 1941-1945. 1939. 1941. 1945. Sept. 3 -Britain & France declare war on Germany. Dec. 7 – Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the War. May - Germans Surrender.

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WWII and The Latter Twentieth Century

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  1. WWII and The Latter Twentieth Century Impacts on South Carolina Ch 26-28

  2. When? • 1939-1945 • US involvement 1941-1945 1939 1941 1945 Sept. 3 -Britain & France declare war on Germany Dec. 7 – Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the War May - Germans Surrender Sept.- Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Japanese Surrender Sept.1 - Germany invades Poland (official start to the war)

  3. Who? Axis Allies (major powers) (major powers) Great Britain Germany Russia Italy United States Japan France (note: France surrendered to Germany in 1940 (after 6 weeks of fighting)

  4. Major Leaders Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Benito Mussolini Italy

  5. Major Leaders Hideki Tojo Japanese Prime Minister Franklin Delano Roosevelt US President

  6. Why? (Main causes of WWII) 1. Treaty of Versailles A. Germany lost land to surrounding nations B. War Reparations 1) Allies collect $ to pay back war debts to U.S. 2) Germany must pay $57 trillion (modern equivalent) 3) Bankrupted the German economy & embarrassed Germans Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilsonduring negotiations for the Treaty

  7. Why? (Main causes of WWII) 2. World-wide Depression The Depression made Germany’s debt even worse Desperate people turn to desperate leaders Hitler seemed to provide solutions to Germany’s problems

  8. Why? (Main causes of WWII) 2. World-wide Depression 2) Hitler provided scapegoats for Germany’s problems (foreigners, Jews, communists, Roma (Gypsies), mentally ill) 3) Vandalism & destruction of Jewish property & synagogues

  9. The United States Enters WW II What? • Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in infamy” • Surprise attack by the Japanese on American forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Effect? • US declares war on Japan & other Axis powers USS Arizona Sinking in Pearl Harbor

  10. The Holocaust • Systematic extermination of European Jews and other minority groups by Nazi Germany and its allies from 1941-1945 • Over 6 million Jews and other minorities were put to death in concentration camps and mass executions • Only Jews were singled out for annihilation, but all European minorities suffered • Photo at right shows woman and her 2 children sitting among a large group of Jews from Lubny (Ukraine) who have been assembled for mass execution. October 16, 1941.

  11. South Carolina Remembers • WW II veteran Frank W. Towers talks about the liberation of Holocaust survivors from concentration camps as he shows his photos taken after the liberation in May 1945 (Friday, March 27, 2009, in Charleston, S.C) • Holocaust memorial in Columbia, South Carolina

  12. World War II and Economic Impacts On South Carolina • South Carolina experienced economic growth during WW II. • War effort ended Great Depression since South Carolinians obtained full employment. • Many South Carolinians joined the armed forces including white and African American men and women. • This depleted the work force and left farms short handed. • Farms lost more workers as others left for jobs in mills and other industries. • The local economy was further stimulated by the expansion of local military bases at Fort Jackson, Parris Island, the naval base at Charleston and the new air base at Columbia.

  13. Segregation In South Carolina During World War II • Segregationand discrimination continued to limit the opportunities of African Americans. • President Roosevelt issued an executive order that offered some jobs in wartime industries to African Americans. • African Americans moved off South Carolina farms searching for better economic and social opportunities in the North and West.

  14. African American Spotlight: Giving a Face To The Statistics • Mr. Shade Lee served as a tech sergeant during WW II • He was among the African Americans assigned to a racially divided Army air base in South Carolina during World War II and helped keep the planes flying.

  15. World War II Ends!

  16. Economic Prosperity After World War II • Economic prosperity continued in South Carolina after the war as it did in the rest of the nation. • Demand for goods unavailable in wartime and the ability to pay for them because of wartime savings led to increased consumer spending. • Returning veterans used the GI benefits to get an education or start new businesses, boosting the SC economy in the process.

  17. Governor J. Strom Thurmond • Thurmond was elected as South Carolina governor in 1946. • Through his support, the legislature passed a series of reform bills that helped support economic growth including the expansion and modernization of Charleston’s port facilities. • During the 1950s, Charleston became on the leading seaports in the U.S. and attracted shipping with newly developed container facilities. • Thurmond supported education reform that would supply a better educated work force. The school year was increased to 9 months and the 12th grade added to high schools. • The South Carolina Trade school was established and evolved into a system of technical colleges. • Under Thurmond’s leadership, the South Carolina Budget and Control Board was established to regulate the state’s finances. • Thurmond prompted many miles of highways and rural roads to be paved which improved market access for farmers and manufacturers. • Thurmond influenced the poll tax to be repealed and the legalization of divorce in South Carolina.

  18. 1964 Thurmond Switches Parties • Strom Thurmond, 1964 • Diana Walker • Running for President as a Dixiecrat in 1948, Strom Thurmond declared that "all the laws of Washington and all the bayonets of the Army cannot force the Negro into our homes, our schools, our churches and our places of recreation." By 1964, with civil rights marching onward, it was clear that his fellow Democrats disagreed. Thurmond jumped ship, joining the Republican Party that year. The first major Southern pol to cross the aisle during the civil rights era, the South Carolina Senator marked the beginning of the GOP's appeal to white, Southern conservatives, and helped turn a former blue state red.

  19. Governor J. Strom Thurmond

  20. Continued Economic DevelopmentandThe Weakening of Organized Labor • Later SC governors continued to support economic development. The State Development Board was created in 1954 to attract industries. • The Board recruits of businesses from other parts of the country and overseas that are attracted to the state because of tax breaks, low wages and the state government’s opposition to labor unions. • The state legislature passed a bill in the 1940s that established South Carolina as a ‘right to work’ state. • Right to work laws supported (and continue to support) the interests of management over the workers by outlawing the closed shop (workers refusing to work while unions negotiate better terms including higher salaries and benefits). • The law allowed employees to work in a factory without joining the elected union. • This undermined the workers unity and the effectiveness of unions to bargain with management. • This forced weakness of labor organizations has contributed to the scarcity of labor unions in SC. • Technical colleges also attracted businesses to SC since they provided trained employees to meet industry specifications.

  21. The Post War Growth of Tourism in South Carolina • South Carolina continued the tradition started during the late 19th century of promoting Northern tourism to Southern climates. • Affluent Northerners were attracted to several temperate places in SC for outdoor activities including hunting and horse racing. • Former plantations were bought up and converted into large tracts of land purposefully left undeveloped national parks and preserves. • These parks and preserves further attracted recreation and tourism including Huntington State Park and Brook Green Gardens. • The common availability of the automobile further accelerated tourism to SC. • Motels and fast food restaurants followed the building of highways and gave tourists more places to stay. • The South Carolina coast including Charleston and Myrtle Beach became popular vacation destinations nationally. • The development and expanded availability of air conditioning prompted the growth of tourism to SC even during the hot summer months.

  22. Brook Green Gardens (1961)

  23. The Diminishment of Agriculture In South Carolina • In the mid 1950s, tobacco replaced cotton as the primary crop in SC. • New farming methods and fertilizers led to increased yields. • This increased productivity eventually led to overproduction resulting in falling prices. • Many small farmers went out of business and headed to cities and towns to find employment in industries. • By the 1970s, more South Carolinians lived in cities than in rural areas. • As a result of industrialization, South Carolina's economy changed from an agricultural base to being reliant on manufacturing and tourism.

  24. Post War Social opportunities For African Americans In South Carolina • Jim Crow laws, restrictions on voting through poll taxes and literacy tests, and workplace discrimination continued to limit social and economic opportunities for African Americans. • In spite of the efforts of many African Americans during World War II, African Americans were forced to tolerate second class citizenship, especially in SC. • After WW II, the civil rights movement accelerated with the “victory abroad, victory at home” campaign of African American and white supporters. • In 1948 in SC, the modern civil rights movement began with a simple request in Clarendon County.

  25. Children In Clarendon County, South Carolina

  26. Briggs v. Elliot • The parents of African American children in Clarendon County, South Carolina asked for a bus to take their children to school. • Some children had to walk 18 miles to and from school everyday. Since the county’s 2,375 white children had 30 school buses and its 6,531 black students had none, parents at Scott’s Branch School felt that the “separate but equal” doctrine established by the Supreme Court in the Plessy v. Ferguson required the school district to pay for the gas and repairs of the school bus the parents bought fortheir children. Parents did not originally seek integration but instead some equality. The case was dismissed on a technicality. • With the assistance of local leaders and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), parents filed suit against the district in a new case, Briggs v. Elliot, for equal treatment under the law as required by the 14th amendment.

  27. Plaintiffs In Briggs v. Elliot

  28. The Results of Briggs v. Elliot • In federal district court, the state’s counsel admitted that the separate schools for African American were unequal but claimed the states were already working on a new building program that would bring the African American schools up to the same standards as white schools. • The court ruled in favor of the school district. • The NAACP appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court, combining it with others like it from several states. • Briggs v. Elliot was the first of five cases that combined into the 1954 landmark Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. • In Brown, the Supreme Court ruled that separate was inherently unequal. The court further ruled that African American students should be integrated into white schools with “all deliberate speed.”

  29. Clarendon County, Old Scott’s Branch School

  30. South Carolina Slow to Embrace Brown Ruling • South Carolinians differed in the reaction to the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Some white moderates supported the decision. They urged people to work for better race relations. • However, these people were in the minority. South Carolina Governor James F. Byrnes encouraged this resistance. White Citizens Councils were formed to intimidate African Americans who petitioned for equal treatment and to label whites who supported the court’s ruling as traitors to their race. • South Carolina’s Senator Strom Thurmond authored the Southern Manifesto, signed by all but three Congressmen from the Deep South (101 in total). • This document condemned the Brown decision for upsetting the relationship between whites and African Americans in the South and encouraged resistance to desegregation.

  31. The Start of Public School Integration In South Carolina

  32. South Carolina Resistance to Public School Integration • Resistance included the establishment of several ‘white flight’ private academies, school choice, and plans for the voluntary closing of public schools. • For over a decade a South Carolina Committee appointed by the governor sought legal means to avoid integration of public schools in SC. • Complete integration did not occur in most SC schools until the 1970s.

  33. Protest Against Public School Desegregation In 1952

  34. Septima Clark and Rosa Parks Image Courtesy of Highlander Research and Education Center Septima Poinsette Clark is perhaps the only woman to play a significant role in educating African Americans for full citizenship rights without gaining sufficient recognition. Clark was born the second of eight children in Charleston, South Carolina, to Peter Poinsette, a former slave, and his wife Victoria Warren Anderson, a laundress. She and her family struggled to pay for a high school education, and she graduated from Avery Normal Institute in 1916. She married a Navy seaman, Nerie Clark, in 1919. The couple’s first child died in infancy; a son was born in 1925, but Clark’s husband died shortly after. By teaching in segregated schools in various locations, she earned a bachelor’s degree from Benedict College in 1942 and a master’s degree from Hampton Institute in 1946 Septima Clark and Rosa Parks

  35. Modjeska MonteithSimkins • Built between 1890 and 1895, this one-story Columbia Cottage was home to Modjeska MonteithSimkins, considered "the matriarch of Civil Rights activists of South Carolina," from 1932 until her death on April 5, 1992. During a time when blacks were excluded from city hotels, her home was used for lodging and as a meeting space for local and national civil rights leaders and NAACP lawyers such as Thurgood Marshall.

  36. Matthew J. Perry • http://law.sc.edu/memory/2012/perry-matthew_j-jr.shtml

  37. Orangeburg Massacre • The Orangeburg massacre is the most common name given to an incident on February 8, 1968, in which nine South Carolina Highway Patrol officers in Orangeburg, South Carolina, fired into a crowd of protesters demonstrating against segregation at a bowling alley near the campus of South Carolina State College, a historically black college. Three men were killed and twenty-eight persons were injured; most victims were shot in the back.[1] One of the injured was a pregnant woman. She had a miscarriage a week later due to her beating by the police. It was the first such unrest on a university campus resulting in deaths of protesters. • http://www.orangeburgmassacre1968.com/

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