環境行為與景觀管理

1. 環境行為與景觀管理 第二章 環境知覺與認知 指導教授：黃章展 老師 學號：G97750021 導讀學生：研一 張純婉

2. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT • Environment assessment broadly encompasses efforts to describe environments or their components(Craik & Feimer, 1987). • In the United States, for example, The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). • Monitoring these and other characteristics of environments can assist in documenting the effects of historic environmental changes and in predicting the future impacts of proposed projects.

3. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Indices of Environmental Quality • Using sophisticated technology, it is possible to assess pollution levels, noise levels, property deterioration, and other directly measurable aspects of the environment. • Such measures can be incorporated into an objective indicator, a physical Environmental Quality Index (EQI).

4. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT • In some instances the goal of assessment is not to determine the presence or level of some physical constituent of environmental quality, but rather the perceived environmental quality as estimated by a human observer. • This assessment method does not require sophisticated technology (although it does require careful attention to psychological measurement techniques) and allows for individual differences in environmental perception. • Typically some sort of self-report scale asking for subjective assessment of the environmental quality is employed, and results in a Perceived Environmental Quality Index (PEQI).

5. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT • It incorporates a support function for the preparation of environmental impact statements and provides baseline data for evaluating environmental intervention programs. • It also facilitates comparison of trends in the same environment over time, comparison of different environments at the same time, and detection of aspects of the environment that observers use in assessing quality.

6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT • PEQIs provide an estimate of the perceived) resence of environmental qualities, but not our feelings or emotional reactions to them. • nstead, Environmental Emotional Reaction ndices (EERIs) assess emotional responses ;uch as annoyance or pleasure.

7. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Affective Appraisals • Russell and Snodgrass (1987) observe that definitions of emotions (often referred to by psychologists as affect) are ambiguous. • In the present discussion, we will focus upon affective appraisals, which are emotions directed toward something in the environment.

8. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT • Russell and his colleagues (e.g., Russell & Lanius, 1984) have developed a circular ordering of 40 descriptors of places that include many commonly used emotional terms. Notice that these adjectives can be represented as a circular array in a space lefined by two underlying bipolar dimensions.

9. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT • The Russell and Lanius model of the affective quality of places. Emotional reactions to, environments can be described by their relative position on unpleasant-pleasant and arousing-not arousing continua

10. THE SCENIC ENVIRONMENT: LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS AND PREFEREN • As Zube et al. (1982) note, another impetus for investigations of landscape aesthetics (more in line with our previous discussion of PEQIs) was provided by governmental legislation of the 1960s and 1970s that required the inventory of scenic resources and the preservation or rehabilitation of these resources.

11. THE SCENIC ENVIRONMENT: LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS AND PREFEREN Descriptive Systems of Scenic Preference • Several landscape classification systems rely on expert judgments made by trained professionals, primarily landscape architects. • The analysis emphasizes design., principles derived from experience and artistic judgment, In particular, vast areas of public lands such as national parks, national forests, and national wilderness areas have been assessed using descriptive landscape inventory, an approach' derived from the writings of Burton Litton (1972).

12. THE SCENIC ENVIRONMENT: LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS AND PREFEREN • The basic elements of perception are said to be line, form, color, and texture. • Patterns of these dominance elements and contrasts created by these patterns are thought to be organized by the viewer's perceptual system, causing a focus of attention on a particular component of a landscape vista. • For example, two nearly parallel lines form an axial landscape which focuses one's attention at the distant point at which the lines seem to converge.

13. THE SCENIC ENVIRONMENT: LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS AND PREFEREN • In general, it seems, that nature. landscape components are the preferred to those that are the result of human activity. For example, natural scenes in Which contrast is high often receive positive evaluations. • Furthermore, in relying on the 'artistic (as opposed to empirical) tradition, the descriptive approach may be deficient in terms of reliability and validity.

14. THE SCENIC ENVIRONMENT: LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS AND PREFEREN Physical-Perceptual Approaches to Scenic Value • Here, one (or a group of judges) quantifies the actual physica! characteristics of a scene and, through statistical techniques, determines the degree to which these characteristics lead to negative or positive evaluations of scenic quality.

15. THE SCENIC ENVIRONMENT: LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS AND PREFEREN The Kaplan and Kaplan Preference Model • Steven Kaplan (1975, 1987) and Rachel Kaplan (1975) describe the procedures they used in constructing their model of environmental preference. Basically, these researchers collected a large number of slides of various landscapes and asked respondents to classify them according to certain schemes (similar-dissimilar, like-dislike, and so on).

16. THE SCENIC ENVIRONMENT: LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS AND PREFEREN • Next, the researchers statistically identified the elements in the scenes that led to this classification and evaluation. • In this way, they derived several factors that can be used to predict preferences for various types of environments. S. Kaplan.

17. THE SCENIC ENVIRONMENT: LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS AND PREFEREN • Kaplan & Kaplan (1982, 1987) describes four factors that appearost important: • Coherence, or the degree to which a scene "hangs together" or has organization-the more coherence the greater the preference for the scene. • Legibility, or the degree of distinctiveness that enables the viewer to understand or categorize the contents of a scene--the greater the legibility the greater the preference.

18. THE SCENIC ENVIRONMENT: LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS AND PREFEREN • Complexity, or the number and variety of elements in a scene-- the greater the complexity (at least for natural scenes) the greater the preference. • Mystery, or the degree to which a scene contains hidden information so that one is drawn into the scene to try to find out this information (e.g., a roadway bending out of sight on the horizon)--the more ystery, the greater the preference.

19. THE SCENIC ENVIRONMENT: LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS AND PREFEREN

20. Thank you for your attention. - The End -