Circuits II EE221 Unit 3 Instructor: Kevin D. Donohue

1. Circuits IIEE221Unit 3Instructor: Kevin D. Donohue Instantaneous, Average, RMS, and Apparent Power, and, Maximum Power Transfer, and Power Factors

2. Power Definitions/Units: • Work is in units of newton-meters or joules same as energy. • 1 joule is work done for 1 ampere passed through 1 ohm for 1 second, or work done by a force of 1 Newton applied over 1 meter. • Power is a measure of the rate at which work is done and is in units ofjoules per seconds, 746 Watts in one horsepower.

3. Power Conversion • Electric motors and generators convert electrical power to mechanical power and vise versa. • Other devices exist that convert electric power to light, heat, sound, …. and vise versa

4. Instantaneous and Average Power • The instantaneous power is the power absorbed by an element at an instance of time. In an electric circuit this is given by: where i(t) is the current through the element and v(t) is the voltage drop over the element. • Average Power over some time interval T is given by: If the i and v product is periodic, then PAV can be reduced to the integration over a single period. For random/non-periodic signals T goes to infinity.

5. Instantaneous Power • Instantaneous power is simply computed by the product of 2 functions. For sinusoidal problems, trig identities or phasors can be used to simplify the products and result in easier formulae for average power. • Example: Write a Matlab script that plots the instantaneous power of a cosine voltage across an impedance load. Write the script so the voltage waveform and impedance can be easily changed and instantaneous power replotted.

6. Matlab Scripts • A script is a series of Matlab command line instructions typed in a text file and stored with an *.m extension. This is referred to as an mfile. • To run these commands change your current directory associated with the Matlab work space to the one containing the mfile. Then type the base name of the file in the Matlab command line.

7. Matlab Scripts • For this example comments are included in the script, and are identified by text following a “%” character. • The functions plot and cos are used in this script. Type help plot or help cos to get a full description of these functions in the Matlab workspace.

8. Matlab Scripts % This script will plot the instantaneous power absorbed % by an impedance load with a sinusoidal voltage over it. % Set the parameters of the Voltage signal f = 1000; % Frequency of signal in Hz ph = 30; % Phase of signal in degrees A=2; % amplitude of signal %Set impedance value zm = 8; % Impedance magnitude zp = -40; % Impedance phase in degrees % Create a time axis of 2 periods over which to plot the power tp = 1/f; % Determine period t = 2*tp*[0:5000]/5000; % Make a 5001 point time axis (row vector) over 2 periods

9. Matlab Scripts % Create a vector of points for voltage v = A*cos(2*pi*f*t + pi*ph/180); % Create a vector of points for the current (adjust magnitude and phase % based on impedance i = (A/zm)*cos(2*pi*f*t + pi*(ph-zp)/180); % Take an element by element product to get power p = v.*i; % Plot it plot(t,p)‏ title(['Instantaneous Power '] )‏ xlabel(['Seconds'])‏ ylabel(['Watts'])‏

10. Result What is the meaning of negative instantaneous power?

11. Average Power in Periodic Signals Given a sinusoidal voltage and current in a device: Show:

12. Average Power in Periodic Signals Given a phasor representation of a voltage and current in a device: Show:

13. Instantaneous and Average Power

14. Conservation of Power In a given circuit the average power absorb (denoted by positive values) equals the power delivered (denoted by negative values). For a circuit with N elements the sum of all power is zero: Note: These are all real or average power values.

15. I V I V Passive Sign Convention It is assumed that positive charge entering the positive terminal of an element implies power absorbed by the element. Therefore, charge leaving the positive terminal of an element implies power supplied or delivered by the element. If the words absorbed or suppliedare not given with a power value, power absorbed will be assumed. (A negative sign will imply power supplied).

16. 10ia ia 10mH 25Ω is 80µF 5Ω Example Average Power Find the average power each of the elements given is(t) = 3cos(1000t)A P25Ω=34.61W PL=PC=0 P5Ω=21.13W PCCVS=-5.54W Pis=-50.19W

17. Zth Vth ZL Maximum Power Transfer Given a Thévenin circuit with load ZL: Show that for a maximum power transfer to the load: And the maximum power transfer is:

18. 40µF 8Ω vs Z 12Ω 7.5mH Example Maximum Power Find the impedance of the load Z to result in the maximum power transfer, and find the resulting power. Assume vs(t) = 110cos(377t) V Z=2.87-75.88 Ith=1.6583.12A Vth = 4.71 159V Pz=3.98W

19. Root Mean Square (RMS) Values • The RMS value of a periodic current or voltage is its DC equivalent value for delivering average power to a resistor.

20. RMS Formula for Sinusoids The RMS value for a sinusoid of any frequency or phase is its amplitude divided by square root of 2.

21. Apparent Power and Power Factor Apparent power (S) for sinusoidal waveforms is the product of the RMS voltage and current magnitudes without regard to their phase offsets. It is in units of Volt-Amps (VA). The cosine of their phase difference is the power factor (pf).

22. Leading and Lagging The sign of phase difference between the voltage and current is related to the angle of the impedance of the load. The terms leading and lagging are used to describe this property: