外语教学理论

1. 外语教学理论

2. Lecture 1 Introduction of Foreign Language Teaching Theory

3. 1-1 What is FLTT ? The nature of FLTT

4. If we want to know something about the nature of FLTT, first we should have some ideas of “What is FLT ” . What is called FLT we mean an action which is to teach students some knowledge of target language , to help them have some communicating skills in target language, or learn about some culture of the countries using target language so as to help them go well or meet their needs in the future . The statement above tells us that “Every ting in FLT is for students” As we know, any action should follow some special laws and principles. FLT is an action of system, which is complex, and involves some important and multifarious factors, such as theorical factors, conditional factors, and methodical factors. The factors each have their own law of going and developing, and they are interrelated and interact on each other,which will have a great influence on the result of FLT. The statement above tells us that “The action of FLT should follow some principles”

5. 1-2 The Natrue of FLTT According to the general statements above, we can have such a general idea of the neture of FLTT : FLTT(Foreign Language Teaching Theory) is a scientific exploration , description, and summary of the nature of FLT (foreign language teaching), and its purpose is to explore the nature of FLT so as to give a better useful help to the practice of FLT. Therefore, FLTT is part of FLT, which plays a very important role in the practice of FLT. FLTT is not a concrete teaching method, but just a view or a thought of FLT, or a certain structure of theory. FLTT involves many contents,which causes many concrete FLTTs. But different people have different views, so each FLTT has its own structure of theory.

6. Lecture 2 General Introduction of Some Therical Structures of FLTT

7. The Theorical Structure (Model) of Second Language Teaching Applying: Linguistics Psychology Sociology Anthropology Linguistics Psychology Sociology Anthropology education Theorists Medium Practisers （Dialectical relationship） Graph 1 (2-1) by R.N. Campbell (康贝尔), a famous Applied linguists in 1980 Further discription

8. The Theorical Structure of Educational Linguistics Model Attention:1,2,3 are called the Three Origins of Language Teaching Theory of linguistics Theory of learning Psychology Theory of linguistics learning-2 Psycholinguistics Theory of Pragmatics-3 Discription of linguistics-1 Sociolinguistics Teaching of Second Language Educational Linguistics Further discription Graph 2(2-2) by B.Spolsky (斯布尔斯基), a famous linguists in 1980

9. Model for the Development of Language Teaching Practice Insight Application Teaching plan Basic subjects Linguistics Psycholinguistics Sociolinguistics Psychology Sociology Principles of second language learning Methodology Method Syllabus Aims Reassessment from practice Theorists feedback Teaching practice Further discription Graph 3 (2-3) by S.R.Ingram (英格拉姆), a famous applied linguists in 1980

10. Model of Second Language Teaching Theory of Man Further discription Linguistics Sociology Psychology Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Teaching in classroom Language Learning Learning Situation Courses Teacher & Student Graph 4 (2-4) by C.J.Brumfit (勃鲁姆费特), a famous applied linguists in 1980

11. Interaction Model of Language Learning, Teaching and Policy Further discription government Teaching policy Sociology Language policy M for the varable of methods or material. Tfor the varable of teachers. Ifor the varable of teaching. Sfor the varable of society. Lfor the varable of Learning. They are called Five Varables Courses M S T I L Graph 5 (2-5) by W.F. Mackey (玛基), a famous applied linguists in 1970

12. Model of Teaching Process 1-policy & purpose 2-administration & Orgnazation 3-majior training 4-choice of teaching & learning modles 6-ways 5-teacher training 7-educology & instruction teaching method & teaching Graph 6 (2-6) by P.D.Strevens (斯曲雷文斯) 8-syllabus design 9-construction of textbook 10-external compelling factors Further discraption 11-learners 12-assesment

13. Method of teaching: Purpose Contebts Processes Resources Effect assessment Organization: Planning and management Primary school Middle school Higher education Adult Education Education for teacher Theory and research of Educational Linguistics LearningLanguageTeaching Situation History of language teaching Linguistics Sociology Social -- psychology Anthropology Psychology Psycholinguistics Educational Theory Further Discription Graph 7 (2-7) A General Model for Second Language Theachin Theory by H.H. Stern (斯顿)

14. Therical Model of foreign language teaching system(1) FLT TF CF MF Notes TFfor the theoretical factors CFfor the conditional factors MFfor the methodical factors The diagram above shows us that what should first be studied in FLTT based on systemaology for us is to learn the relation among TF, CF and MF ( we call them foundational factors ) in FLT, and its effect on the quality ofFLT. (Graph 8) 2-8

15. Therical Model ofof foreign language teaching system(2) L SC TF CF P HC FLT S MF The diagram shows that of the three main teaching factors, each has its own factors, and the whole system of foreign language teaching is made up of these factors. So study of the factors inside each foundational factor and the relationship between them and the teaching quality is also what we should do. Notes L for linguistics P for psychology S for sociology SC for software condition HC for hardware condition TM for teaching method LM for learning method TM LM (Graph 8)

16. Attention ! What is dominant in the ground of the study of FLTT in China is linguistics, especially the behavioral linguistics, functional linguistics and psychological linguistics. In another word, when FLTT is talked about, it refers to that of linguistics. There is no doubt that linguistics plays a very important role in foreign language teaching, for foreign language teaching is based on language. But as has been shown before, foreign language teaching is an action system , which is multifarious and complex , mainly containing three factors: linguistics, psychology and methodology. So we can see linguistics is not the only teaching factor, but only one of many teaching factors. That is to say, linguistics is just one part, not the only of the multifarious and disorderly teaching system, and we can also say that the theory of linguistics is not that of foreign language teaching.

17. In my opinion, since FLT is a multifarious and disorderly system, which contains many theories such as linguistics, psychology and methodology and so on, it is another valuable way to set up a common ground by discussing the FLTT from the perspective of systemaology . Do you agree with me?

18. * As has been shown before, what we call FLTT are some principles and laws that a teacher should follow during his/heractual foreign language teaching. But the principles are based on many theories, especially on linguistics, psychology and methodology.Thus study of FLTT is a great help for a teacher to spread his or her knowledge. * Study of FLTT can make the teaching more scientific. As we know, foreign language teaching is one kind of social sciences,and it is not just a simple teaching action, so scientific teaching is a great help for a teacher to get good teaching result. * Study of FLTT can be a great help for a teacher to find out or build up his/her own approaches or methods suitable for students, teaching goals , and special teaching resources during teaching.

19. Discussion Here are short videos from your own grade, and could say something about them according to your understanding of applying the therical strutures of FLTT to practical FLT ? 1 2

20. Lecture 3 Theory of Applied Linguistics

21. Conception Applied linguistics, one school of linguistics , existing in the 1940s, is a subject which uses the theory of linguistics in each concrete domain. It studies both the theory of linguistics and the practice of language,so it is an applied subject (应用型学科) valuable to a teacher.

22. Conception Applied linguistics, one school of linguistics, existing in the 1940s, is a subject which uses the theory of linguistics in each concrete domain. It studies both the theory of linguistics and the practice of language, so it is an applied subject (应用型学科) valuable to a teacher. The forerunners or leading exponents P. Strevens(斯特雷文斯)：a professor of Cambridge University, who gave out five principles of applied linguistics. K.Kaplan(卡普兰)：a professor of South California University, who printed the works on the Scope of Applied Linguistics. G.Cook(库克) :a professor of the Institute of Education of London University,who edited the book Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics with B. Seidlhofer. B. Seidlhofer(塞德霍夫) :a professor of Vienna University, who edited the book Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics with G.Cook.

23. The main contents of Applied Linguistics In the book Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics edited by G.Cook and B. Seidlhofer, they think the main research contents of applied linguists should involve: (1)Language treatment; (2) Human relations and communication(including Various professional languages); (3) Language policy and planning; (4) Education and language; (5) Language teaching and learning; (6) Translation and interpretation; (7) Dictionaries compilation (to be continued)

24. (1) Language treatment: In human language speech , we may meet some language barriers, or in our daily life, we may meet something such as stroke(中风), brain flesh wound, parkinson sickness, autism(自闭症)，congenital lip crack （唇齿裂）and so on, which may hurt our brains or language nerve center in our brains, causing the aphasia(失语症), the barrier of constructing sound (构音障碍), and stuttering(口吃)and so on.But some special speech actions，training as well are helpful in these patient's recovery. Now the language treatment has become an important constituent of the rehabilitative medicine(康复医学). This is what we call the treatment function of language. (2) Human relations and communication(including various professional languages): Different language speech should be used in different environment or professions, different communicational goals need different language speech, and people in different status need different language speech as well so as to transmit our emotion or express our intention. This is what we call the communicative function of language.

25. (3) Language policy and planning(LPP): In fact, the essence of language policy and planning is the relation between government and language.To be specific, because of the changing, reviving, transferring, and withering away of languages and so on, how does the government take measures to deal with the languages which are dying out so as to save them?How does the government promote the languages which are starting? How does the government standard and disseminate language?How does the government regard the relation between the foreign language and the mother language so as to make the policy of foreign language education? This is what we call the social function of language. (4) Education and language: The goal of education is to improve human's quality and survivability, and education involves various domains, of which, language is the carrier of information of each domain. Education can not exist without language. In a sense, education begins with language. But education involves many professional domains. Because of this reason, language speech in different professional situation is quite different.

26. (5) Language teaching and learning: Since education begins with language, teaching and learning language is the foundation of various educations.Because of this, how to teach and learn language is certainly one of applied linguistics research contents , but not the only one. Therefore, don`t equalize applied linguistics with language teaching and learning. (6) Translation and interpretation: Translation and interpretation involve many fields, the former in written language and the later in spoken language.The traditional theory of translation puts the focus on the translation skill and the ways of how to use the words and sentences to translate the original texts, and this is what we call “Transmission”(the transmission of the ideas and thoughts of the original texts,信in Chinese), “Accurate”(the smooth writing,达in Chinese)and “Elegant” (the graceful writing,雅in Chinese) , while applied linguistics thinks that translation as well as interpretation is an independent process of indicating objects, and the cultural background and context, the thought and psychological characteristic of the translator should be paid much more attention to, and the machine translation ( also called CAT: computer- assisted translation) is one of the focus of applied linguistics. For example, the Cross- cultural Communication, which is very popular today in China is based on the theory of the the cultural background and context of applied linguistics.

27. (7) Dictionaries compilation: With the development of society, science and technology , languages are increasing fast, and more and more new words appear in our daily life and other fields.How to compile dictionaries, for example, how to put the words in to the dictionaries in different categories so that they can take for easy reference books, is one of the focus of applied linguistics. These above are the main contents of Applied Linguistics

28. The principles and laws of applied linguistics In the book on the Scope of Applied Linguistics,edited by K. Kaplan, P. Strevens gives out the principles and laws of applied linguistics like the following: A: The applied linguistics has the certain rationale and the principle; B: The applied linguistics foundation and the principle are various, they include the linguistics, the psychology, the information theory, thesociology, the pedagogy, the philosophy and the logical discipline andso on;C: The language teaching and learning are the main research contents of the applied linguistics, but not the only;D: Each domain of the applied linguistics should have its own explicit limits;E: The applied linguistics is not static, but one object which isunceasingly developing.

29. The influences of applied linguistics on FLT Applied linguistics has great influence on FLT. Under the influence of applied linguistics, FLT is increasing very fast. The followings are some samples according 6 of the 7 contents of applied linguistics research. 1:The influence from the treatment function of language: Supposing you are a teacher of a special school, especially a school for the students with mental deficiency(backward students), what is your purpose of foreign language teaching,and how will you teach your students English? Or supposing you are an English teacher in a middle school, how do you treat your students suffering from learning barriers (for instance, he or she is learning hard, but cannot get good learning result.) 2:The influence from the communicative function of language: Supposing you are a teacher in a professional school, could you use the same method used in a common school in your concrete foreign language teaching? Or supposing you are teaching a dialogue based on a certain situation, could you tell your students some special words or phrases or expressions in such certain situation?

30. 3:The influence from the social function of language: Supposing you are now a teacher of a middle school, how do you think of the relation between all-around developing education and examining education in your real foreign language teaching? Or how do you deal with the relation between the requirements from your school or society and the teaching principles in your real foreign language teaching? 4:The influence from education and language: Yes, as has been shown before, education can not exist without language. Language education plays an active part in education. But how do you treat the importance of foreign language teaching and how do you treat the relations of time assignment between English course and other objects, especially when you arrange your students the homework? 5:The influence from translation: Interpretation has little connection with what we do in FLT in middle schools, but translation has much connection with our FLT, especially the skill of writing and the understanding ability . For the translation of a single sentence is the base of writing or understanding, and good skill of writing is helpful for a learner to get a better understanding of an article. This is why the Grammar-Translation Method is still dominant.

31. 6:The influence from dictionaries compilation: As a teacher in middle school, you may compile a certain book or a certain dictionary about words or phrases in your own research or exploration of foreign language teaching. Or maybe, you will give a summary of the words in a certain unit or in a certain teaching material, then how do you make your idea come true? Or could you make it take for an easy reference book for your students? Summary of the Influences from Applied Linguistics on FLT It is sure that the influences of applied linguistics on foreign language teaching are more than the statements above. But that is not to say that the theory of appliedlinguistics is that of foreign language teaching, or neither can we say that only the theory of applied linguistics is the most important of all the theories connected with foreign language teaching.

32. Lecture 4 Theory of Computational Linguistics

33. General Introduction Computational linguistics is a new rising subject , which is based on the development of computational technology and linguistics,especially applied linguistics, and in which computers and other electronic instruments are used to process language data and to study language phenomenon and rules. As a new rising subject ,which has only more than 20 years, the academic circles generally believe that the famous Bragg Conference is the symbol that the computational linguistics is born. In that conference, which was hold in 1982 in Bragg, Czechoslovakia, many scholars, including linguists, psychologists, and computer experts emphasized the importance of taking computational linguistics as an independent discipline, and discussed some questions of the research subjects and contents of this new rising discipline.

34. @The forerunners:Roland Hausser(罗南.哈威瑟), a professor of Erlangen University(爱尔兰根大学)of German; 冯志伟, a professor of the Research Institute of Language and Writing Application , Ministry of Education, China; 黄昌宁,a professor of Qinghua University. @@The Research contents of Computational Linguistics If a computer wants to process language datum, some instructions, which must be a system with rules and foresee mustn't be absent So study of the rules of the instructions in the system becomes the main research contents of computational linguistics. To be specific: 1) Deterministic rules(定论性原则): Deterministic rules mean that if a group of conditions is given, it will cause the result which must be foreseeable and fixed. If one condition doesn't conform to the rule, you cannot get the anticipated results. For example, if condition (a) plosive(爆破音), condition(b) bilabial(双唇音) and condition(c) voiceless consonant(清辅音) are given, the result is the consonant phoneme /p/. Any of condition(a), (b) or (c) mustn't be absent.

35. 2) Optional rules (选择性原则)： Optional rules mean that if a group of conditions is given, it will cause many results for you to opt between. For example, about words and phrases, if the conditionsthe, girl, with, the , blue, eyeare given, there will appear the resultsthe girl with the blue eyesandthe blue-eyedfor you to opt between them. 3) Variable rules(变体性原则): Variable rules are based on the basic theory of socialistic linguistics, that is : the same language has many varieties, which appear in some specific rules. Study of the varieties of language is helpful for us to make them meet the interchange by computer.For example, some translation soft wares are based on such variable rules. 4) Statistical rules (统计性原则)： Statistical rules mean that if some conditions are given, we can get some statistical datum which should tally the conditions given.For example, if the features of plural forms of noun in English are given, we can get the statistical datum about plural forms of noun in an article.

36. @@@The Functions of Computational Linguistics 1) Calculating(计算): Accounting phonemes(音素), syllables(音节), morphemes(词素), phrases, simple sentences, and the number, the length and the frequency of compound sentences and so on are all involved in calculating. 2) Classifying(分类): That is to say, we can use a computer to classify the information that you need. For example, listing the vocabulary in the order of letters, phoneme and morpheme, or retrieving words and expressions in an article, and then calculating the length of it and so on.

37. 3) Controlling(控制): As we know, machine cannot take the place of human beings. There is no doubt that many errors will appear while a computer is processing datum. For instance, if the informationadj. + ly = adv.is given, you may get the wrong result ofeasyly, basicly, comfortablely,orgoodlyand so on.Thus controlling must be needed so as to revise the errors and add up new information. 4) Simulating(模拟): Simulating is a complex function, and it involves simple simulatingand complex simulating. In simple simulating, phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences will be simulated, and in complex simulating, dialogues, paragraphs, and chapters will be simulated. If the simulating is done well in a computer, we can learn much from it without teachers. That is to say, computers well become our “teachers” in the future.

38. @@@@The Influence of Computational Linguistics on FLT Computational linguistics has no direct influences on FLT. That is to say , you cannot use computational linguistics in your actual FLT. But with the development of modern educational technology, more and more electronic products for foreign language teaching or learning have shown their auxiliary functions, and some teaching soft wares are becoming more and more important in FLT. Where there is no computational linguistics, there are no electronic products for foreign language teaching and learning or teaching soft wares. We can come to a conclusion that computational linguistics is one of the most important foundations of modern teaching or learning technology. But machine cannot take the place of human beings. Though there may be many errors while a computer is processing datum, it is still reasonable for us to believe that computational linguistics must be becoming more and more important in information society.

39. Lecture 5 Theory of Psycholinguistics

40. Section One--3, Psycholinguistics and the influences on FLT General Introduction Psycholinguistics ,appearing in the 1950‘s , is a new rising subject in which the theories of psychology and those of linguistics are joined together. Psycholinguistics has two branches : experimental psycholinguistics (实验心理语言学) and developmental psycholinguistics (发展心理语言学), and the former studies the processing mechanism(加工机制) of our brains` understanding and using words , while the later studies the first and the second language acquisition and learning (the first language here means mother language, and the second language here means foreign language). Question: According to the statement above, do you think which branch has much connection with FLT?

41. @The forerunners:(1)Charles Egerton Osgood(查尔斯·埃杰顿·奥斯古德),a world famous psycholinguistics professor of American, who wrote(with Thomas A. Sebeok 塞贝克 ) a book with the name of Psycholinguistics: Theory and Research Question Outline (心理语言学：理论和研究问题概述), and set up a new ground in psycholinguistics: Semantic Differential（语义分化法）,which is a measuring approach to study objects meaning by using association and appraisal (联想与评估). For example, connection of “music - mood - color",connection of "sense of hearing - mood", as well as connection of "color - shape" and so on. (2)Skinnerian (斯金纳),a world famous behavior psychology professor of American, who wrote the well-known book Verbal Behavior (话语行为). He systematically elaborated the relations between linguistics and psychology in this book. (3)Noam Chomsky(乔姆斯基),a world famous Linguist and language philosopher of American, who proposed a thought of supposition: modularity hypothesis(标准模假设), thinking that our brains have a modularity, which has a small modular(小型模块) whose function is to change the stimulants from outside into information.

42. @@The Research Contents of Psycholinguistics At the beginning of the birth of psycholinguistics, the generative-transformational grammar(生成转换语法理论) had great influence on it, so before the 1970s, the focus of psycholinguistic research is on the questions of how our brains process language information(data). But the result was not pleasing. From the early 1970s on, some other elements, such as psychology, nerve science, theoretical linguistics have been put into the research of psycholinguistics, and in the middle 1980s, a new idea called modularity hypothesis(标准摸假设) was put forward by Chomsky. The theory of modularity hypothesis thinks that a brain is a certain total modularity(总体标准摸), and it controls some small modules which are in charge of processing the information our brains accept from outside. Generally speaking, psycholinguistics puts its research focus on the psychological process of people`s understanding, expressing and acquiring language. And now psycholinguistics is also putting its further research focus on the psychological process of how to deal with the information people accept, such as pronunciation, words, and sentences and so on. Now the following is a sample for the psychological process of how to deal with the information of sentences(joining the pronunciation, word and sentence together ).

43. pronunciation sensation (feature phoneme syllable) acceptations acceptance sentence analysis (root meaning and the principles of morpheme change) (surface structure and deep structure) discarding the dross and selecting the essential getting the presentation conscious interpretation understanding (Graph 3 )

44. @@@The influences of psycholinguistics on FLT Yes, as a foreign language teacher in a middle school, you need not to be an expert in the research filed of psycholinguistics, but learning of the basic principles and viewpoints of psycholinguistics is something valuable for you to do your foreign language teaching well. First, from the angle of experimental psycholinguistics, everyone should use his brain to understand the language information he accepts, and to think how to express his idea. Does everyone have the same process of understanding the language information he accepts? Does everyone have the same way to express his idea? You cannot take the questions for granted, but you can only get the right answers from the scientific experiment or the scientific practice. As a teacher in a middle school, maybe you have no ability of doing such scientific experiment , or have no time to do so, or no enough equipment to develop you ideas. But you can get a help from the research achievements made by the experts in the field of psycholinguistics. For example, as has been shown in Graph 3, that is a common psychological process that a person deals with the information of sentences he accepts. The steps (processes) are as the following:

45. 1: to get the meaning of the words in a sentence according to the features of pronunciation; 2: to understand the meaning of the words in a sentence according to the word formation,such as prefix and postfix; 3: to make a syntactic passing of the sentence according to the principles of grammar ;4: to get the presentation by discarding the dross and selecting the essential;5: to make a conscious interpretation according to the knowledge of language he has mastered so as to achieve the purpose of understanding the sentence. • The steps above show us that this kind of modularity hypothesis unites pronunciation, words and sentence together. This research achievement in the field of psycholinguistics can give you an enlightenment of how to deal with a sentence while you are doing your actual foreign teaching in different levels.

46. Lecture 6 Theory of Sociolinguistics

47. Section One--4, Sociolinguistics and the influences on FLT • @ General Introduction In fact, the relation between society and language has been studied both in the circle of sociology and linguistics. In the 1940`s-1950`s, sociologists and linguists began to work on the the relation between society and language together, and in 1952, the word sociolinguistics appeared first in an article with the name Constructing of Sociolinguistics: the Relation between linguistics and Social Position, by H.C. Currie (a well-known scholar of the U.S), and after that, a conference about sociolinguistics ,whose focus is on the social nature of linguistics, was held in the U.S, which was regarded as the start symbol of sociolinguistics existing as an independent subject.

48. @@The Research Contents of Sociolinguistics • In the circle of sociolinguistics, some scholars are from sociology, while some from linguistics, so there have appeared two branches in sociolinguistics: macroscopic research and microscopic research. The scholars with sociological background put their research focus on social problems connected with language(macroscopic research ) , while the scholars with linguistics background put their research focus on how the social factors cause the variation of language (microscopic research). They hold their own ideas and cannot accept with each other. So even now, there is not a unification rationale in sociolinguistics. • Anyhow, on the one hand, language exists and is used in society, and on the other hand there is no language without society. We call this the dialectical relation between society and language, on which the unification rationale of sociolinguistics should be based at least.

49. @@@ The influences of the basic conception of sociolinguistics on FLT • One of the most important basic conception connected with FLT is that the social nature is the main feature of language. According to this conception, the appearing, the existing and the developing of language is for the need of social communication, so the communicational function is the main that of language. In another word, language speech should be restricted by social norm. Here is a famous sentence to explain such social norm: • It is cold in here. • Now could you guess the real meaning of this sentence above ? • Could you get some inspiration form the sentence above in your won FLT?

50. @@@@ The influences of research contents of sociolinguistics on FLT • Sociolinguistics thinks that there are four kinds of social norms(社会准则) while using language: A:contents of language speech. In a certain special situation or of specific crowd, some words should be used while some should not be used. Inspiration:Can you get some inspiration from the statement above in your future foreign language teaching ? B: The situation and objects of language speech. Language speech should conform to some special situation or some special objects. Inspiration:How will you use this principle in your real foreign language teaching? C: The length and quantity of language speech. The length and quantity of language speech can suggest a certain attitude or a certain intention. So the proper length and quantity of language speech can make you achieve the propose of your communication. Inspiration:How do you use this principle in your reading teaching or dialogue teaching? D: Getting in a word: When and how to get in a word should follow the social norms. Inspiration:How do you use this principle in your dialogue teaching?