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Cultural Patterns and Processes

Cultural Patterns and Processes. Unit 3 Essential Question: How do cultural patterns and processes vary across the planet?. The Meaning of Culture. Culture-the way of life of a particular people. Language, religion, food, and music Culture and ethnicity are often intertwined

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Cultural Patterns and Processes

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  1. Cultural Patterns and Processes Unit 3 Essential Question: How do cultural patterns and processes vary across the planet?

  2. The Meaning of Culture • Culture-the way of life of a particular people. • Language, religion, food, and music • Culture and ethnicity are often intertwined • What is ethnicity? • What is the difference between race and ethnicity? • It is important to remember that geographers look at trends over time and analyze the patterns of cultures.

  3. Material Culture • Anything that can be seen on the landscape • Built environment-how people impact the landscape (seen)

  4. Nonmaterial Culture • Anything that makes up culture that can’t be touched • Language, religion, myths, superstitions

  5. Folk Culture • Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific area • Makes a place unique • Passed from generation to generation, usually through oral histories • Folklore-stories passed from generation to generation • Values and legends

  6. Folklore Good vs. Evil

  7. Popular Culture • Opposite of folk culture, this is the practice of customs that span several different cultures • Folk culture could potentially become part of popular culture, if its popularity grows. Folk Culture Popular Culture

  8. The Cultural Landscape • Interactions of a group in relation to their own cultural practices as well as to the values of a society as reflected through artifacts and architecture. • Natural Landscape-physical Earth (field of physical geography)

  9. Adaptive Strategy • How a person adapts to a new culture

  10. Music and Culture • Musical styles and lyrics can tell a geographer a lot about the culture in an area. • Religion also plays a key role in musical expression. • Radio stations give information about the listening habits of people. • Folk songs- describe a group of people

  11. Food and Culture • Favorite and least favorite foods describe people and their culture. • Where a restaurant is located relative to a food source can determine the menu. • Our diet depends on the agriculture around us.

  12. Sports and Culture • Baseball and basketball have spread worldwide from the US • Hierarchical diffusion • World’s most popular sport? • Hooligans- fans who incite violence at football (soccer) matches. • Racial, religious epithets

  13. Architecture and Culture • Societies are based on family structures, which are typically some time of house. • Home can be the foundation for culture • Folk housing is constructed with materials that are nearby • Usually depends on climate

  14. Architecture and Culture • Indigenous architecture-any structure on the landscape that is not built by a professional craftsperson or artist. • Different regions focus on different parts of the house. • Muslims have a special wall that faces Mecca

  15. Architecture and Culture • 3 Styles in the US • New England • Saltbox, 2 Chimney, Cape Cod, and front gable and wing styles. • Middle Atlantic • “I” house- 2 stories with gables on either end • Lower Chesapeake • 2 stories with chimneys located on both sides.

  16. Architecture and Culture • Anglo-American landscape • Township and Range System • Folk landscape-what people perceive the landscape to be based on their cultural notions of an area. • Traditional architecture-structures built as area was being established • Ex: traditional architecture of a city would be the original industrial plants established as the city was founded.

  17. Language and Culture • Ability to communicate with others orally and/or in writing. • Unites and divides • Language in school: US vs. European countries • Monolingual country-has only one official language in which all gov. business is conducted. • Multilingual country-has more than one official language. • Linguistic diversity-learning of more languages • Language extinction-As young ppl move out of a local area, the elderly are the only ones to continue to use their language. After they die, the language disappears.

  18. Lingua Francas • A language used as a common tongue among people who speak diverse languages, often to conduct business • What is the current lingua franca? • What was the last lingua franca? • What do you think the next lingua franca will be?

  19. Learning Languages • First skill: • Ability to speak and sound out the words • Second skill: • Ability to write the symbols that are connected w/ each sound or meaning • Third skill: • Comprehension

  20. Dialects • A form of a language that is unique in sound, speed, syntax, and vocabulary • Isogloss-boundary of a dialect • “You guys” vs. “You’uns” vs. “Y’all”

  21. Pidgin, Trade, and Creole Languages • Pidgin- Mixture of language • Very simple grammar and vocab. • Allow trade and interactions to occur • Can become an entirely new language\ • Trade-made-up language that is used by ppl who want to trade. • Each party learns the modified language to communicate • Creole-stable language resulting from the blend of two or more languages that often does not include features of either. • Broad choice of vocab

  22. Language Families • Groups of languages organized by common heritage • Language subfamilies- smaller groups of languages within a language family • Language groups- ppl. Whose languages are descended from a common tongue • French and Spanish (Romance languages)

  23. Languages and the Landscape • Toponyms-different place names • Tells us a lot about the culture of a place and people

  24. Religion and Culture • Value system that people place on themselves and others based on a spiritual or divine aspect of the world. • Religion can impact the world’s landscape and the cultures of billions. • Faith-belief in things that you cannot see or prove.

  25. Religion and Culture • Monotheistic-One god • Polytheistic-Many gods • Ethnic religions-person is born into the faith, little to no effort is put forth to convert others. • Universalizing religions-members actively try to covert others

  26. Religion and Culture • Atheists-do not believe in any god • Secularist-person who wants to separate religion from all aspects of society One thought on religion vs. atheism by British celebrity Ricky Gervais

  27. Major Religions of the World • Buddhism • Hinduism • Christianity • Islam • Judaism

  28. Christianity • World’s largest religion • Monotheistic, universalizing. • 3 Branches: Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox • Symbols: • Cross located within the church • Steeple of the church points upward towards Heaven. Cross usually on top of steeple

  29. Christian Beliefs • Jesus Christ: • Born on Earth • Died on Cross • Resurrected • Showed that all Christians can be saved • The Bible • Old and New Testament • Old: Israelites, Moses, Abraham, David. Before the coming of the Savior • New: life of Jesus and foundation of the new faith • Holy Trinity: God, Son, Holy Spirit

  30. Structure of Christianity • Catholic Church • Pope • Cardinals • Bishops • Priests • Protestant Church • Pastor, Minister • Orthodox Church • Patriarch

  31. Denominations • Branches of a religion that differ on specific aspects of the principles of the religion • Catholicism is the oldest and largest branch • Martin Luther created the Protestant Reformation which broke away from Roman Catholicism • Lutheran, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, etc.

  32. Islam • Second largest religion. Starting to gain on Christianity • Muslims • Mostly live in the Middle East, Northern Africa, Southeast Asia • Universalizing, monotheistic • Shares some of the major people with Christianity and Judaism

  33. Islam • Islam believes that Jesus was a prophet, but not the main prophet. For Muslims, this person is Muhammad. • Muhammad was spoken to by Allah (God) and wrote down Allah’s word in the Koran. • Koran is the Islamic holy text.

  34. Islam • Muslims worship inside of a mosque • Minarets-towers that extend upward toward Allah • The leader of a mosque is an imam. • They lead prayers at different times of the day

  35. Beliefs of Islam • Five Pillars of Islam: • Shahadah: There is only one God, Allah • When you accept the creed of Allah, you officially become a Muslim • Salah: Prayer must be done five times daily facing the city of Mecca • Zakat: Taxes must be paid directly to the poor and needy or the mosque • Sawm: One must fast during Ramadan • Hahjj: One must make a pilgrimage to Mecca once during one’s life

  36. Salah and Sawm

  37. Hajj

  38. Denominations • Shiites, Shiahs, Shi’a • 15-20% of Muslim population • Conservative • Interpret the Koran literally • Sunnis make up the largest percentage of Muslims • Liberal • Looser interpretation of the Koran

  39. Denominations • Shiite Muslims live mainly in Iraq and Iran • Sunni Muslims live in the rest of the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Southeast Asia • Theocracy-state ruled by religious leaders • Religion plays a key role in the administration of the country • Koran plays an important role in the institutional laws of society • Islamic theocracies are ruled by Sharia Law • Do not separate church and state • Based on Koran and teachings of Muhammad. • Fundamentalism-literal interpretation of a holy book, urges strict behavioral guidelines to comply with basic principles of religion • See this in Christianity .

  40. Judaism • One of the oldest religions • Not just a religion, but an ethnicity

  41. Judaism • Worship inside of a synagogue • The Star of David is a major symbol in the religion. • David was one of the major leaders in the faith

  42. Beliefs of Judaism • Ethnic, monotheistic religion • God figure is Yahweh • Jewish bible is the Tanahk, based on the Torah and the Talmud • Rabbi leads the service on Saturday

  43. Distribution • Majority of population lives in the US along the East Coast • Israel was founded in 1948 as a homeland for the Jewish after WWII • 14 Million Jews live there today

  44. Denominations of Judaism • Ultra-Orthodox/ Haredi • Isolated • Avoid modern society (sin) • Orthodox • Can live within society • Believe that the Torah’s message can change with the times • Reform • Believe Torah is open to continuous interpretation • Reconstructionist • Personal autonomy over customs • Humanistic • Belief in Jewish roots, not Yahweh as a supernatural figure • Flexidox • Very liberal, but still keeps some practices (kosher, Saturday as holy day)

  45. Jewish Holidays • Passover • Biblical Story • Rosh Hashanah • Reflect on sins • Yom Kippur • Fast • Atonement

  46. Monotheistic vs. Polytheistic • Monotheistic • Belief in one god figure • Believers will go to heaven, nonbelievers to hell • Zoroastrianism • Belief in Zarathustra as father of religion and in the concept of both good and evil. • Core of Western religions • Mostly in Iran and India • Polytheistic • Many gods

  47. Hinduism • Oldest religion on Earth • Ethnic religion • You can practice, but you are only Hindu if you’re born into a Hindu family • Majority in India • 3rd largest religion

  48. Beliefs of Hinduism • 3 primary deities • Brahma • Shiva • Vishnu • Practice faith in a temple • Vedas-holy texts • Reincarnation

  49. Deities Triumvirate: • Brahma • Created the universe • Shiva • Destroys the universe • Vishnu • Preserver of Earth and universe

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