The Dictatorship O f Mao Zedong/ Maon Tse-tung

1. The Dictatorship Of Mao Zedong/Maon Tse-tung By Jessica Avila and Leana Gianan

2. Biography of Mao • Born on December 26, 1893 • He was born Shaoshan, in the Hunan province to a peasant family. • He worked on his father’s farm after being expelled from school. • He didn’t get along with his father • Who already mapped out a future for him • He left his home to study in the capital city of Hunan, Changsha.

3. Warlords Take Over China • The Qing Dynasty collapses • Early 1912 the Republic of China was established • Sun Yatsen as president • Yuan Shikai hijacks the republican movement • Declared himself China’s president • Attempted to find his own dynasty before being forced down. • Lacking a strong government, warlords begin to take over • Various regional warlords fought one another for supremacy.

4. Mao Becomes A Communist • There were a number of foreign influences in Changsha • Radical students like Mao wanted to oust the provincial warlord who collaborated with foreigners. • Went to Peking to unsuccessfully lobby the government • On October 10, 1911, revolution broke out in Wuchang and quickly spread to other cities including Changsha.

5. Mao Becomes A Communist • In 1918, Mao graduates from Hunan First Normal School and attends Beijing University • Where he worked as an assistant librarian. • Came to know about communist leaders and became drawn to their ideas. • Read up on Marxism and was convinced that it should be the philosophical basis of the Chinese Revolution • It would also save China from poverty and backwardness.

6. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) • In 1921, Mao became one of the dozen who established the Chinese Communist Party. • Mao organized the branch in the Lin Changsha primary school, where he was principal. • The Comintern (Soviets) urges the CCP to join the Nationalists, or the Kuomintang. • Formed by Sun Yatsen • Soviets wanted to help the nationalists get rid of Western influence in China

7. The CCP and the Kuomintang • In 1922, the CCP entered an alliance with the Kuomintang. • The nationalist and communists would work together in order to end civil war between warlords and unify the country.

8. Chiang Kai-shek • After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek became the leader of the Nationalist party • Declared “world revolution” and wished to benefit himself of Russian aid. • But still he wanted to control his own “house” • Therefore he expelled most communists from responsibilities in the party in May 1926 • Mao left in October.

9. Split of Kuomintang and the CCP • In April 1927, the Peking authorities raided Russian premises and seized documents that revealed Moscow trying to overthrown Peking government. • There were also soviet links with the Chinese communists. • Chiang Kai-shek organizes massacres of members of the CCP

10. CCP Flees • In 1927, Mao led an uprising against Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalist forces but failed. • Led to him rebuilding his army in the Jinggang Mountains. • Chiang Kai-Shek led military campaigns against the Communists.

11. The Long March • Kuomintang began a series of attacks against Mao in the mountains • Led to the Long March to Shaanxi province in 1934- 1935 • Nationalists continued to attack the communists during the year-long trek. • This would be a critical turning point in Mao’s life. • The CCP had survived • Because of Mao’s leadership, the Communists power had been cemented. • Mao was made chairman of the CCP

12. The CCP Grows • Many revolutionists, disgusted by Chiang’s Nationalist government, went to Yan’an to join the CCP. • Mao also redistributed land in the Yan’an area to the peasants. • He transformed his army into a force of peasant soldiers • Who when not fighting, farmed • Ensured self-sufficiency.

13. Mao Takes Over • In July 1937, Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China. • Chiang Kai-shek was forced into an alliance with the Communists. • There were still very little cooperation between the CCP and the Kuomintang • While the CCP formed small units and waged guerilla warfare against the Japanese, Chiang withdrew to remote Chongqing. • By 1945, Mao won the support of peasants and Communist base areas had been established throughout the country.

14. Mao Takes Over • Civil War erupted in October of 1945. • Chiang had ordered his forces to attack the communists. • Kuomintang troops controlled the cities • But Mao controlled the country side • His mastery of guerilla tactics wore Chiang’s army down. • In less than 5 years, the Communists defeated the Kuomintang. • Chiang and his remaining supporters were forced to flee to Taiwan.

15. The People’s Republic of China • October 1, 1949, Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PCR) • Mao realized that to build the nation, the cities had to lead and guide the countryside. • During 1949 – 1953, policies toward the cities focused on restoring order, rehabilitating economy, and above all, fix the disastrous inflation out of the urban economy.

16. Great Leap Forward • A program designed so China could “catch up” with the world’s leading economic powers. • Done through sheer force of its people’s will and without foreign aid. • Mao decided that China could become a major steel producer if citizens set up homemade furnaces in their backyards. • But much of the steel produced in the backyard furnaces were unusable. • Led to famine and death of million of Chinese

17. Solidifying His Power • After the Great Leap Forward, Mao was forced to step down for a while. • Party leaders sought to help China recover during this time by de-emphasizing political ideology and embracing practical strategies for economic development. • Mao never admits his mistakes in any of the ill-advised movements he initiated. • Instead he blames intellectuals for failing him.

18. Great Leap Forward • In response to the criticism he was facing, he issued the the call: “Never Forget the Class struggle. • Over the next 3 years, he started a nationwide Socialist Movement. • Through which he successfully eliminated opponents in the party leadership.

19. Cultural Revolution • Darkest period in the history of the people’s republic of china • Mao launched mass movements • Became more radical • Believed party members betrayed communist doctrine • Chinas educated people believed more in the old ways than the new ways brought by the communists.

20. Cultural Revolution • The cultural movement was mainly pointed towards the teens and people in their twenties • “The red guard” • Red= communism • Purpose was to Guard communism • Appeared at rallies • greeted his supporters • Shouted slogans and praises • Fight capitalism and feudalism • “to rebel is justified”

21. Downside To Cultural Revolution • Destroyed a great deal of china’s heritage • Killed and persecuted a large number of Chinese citizens • “Counter revolutionaries” or “capitalist roaders” • Party members • Intellectuals • Government officials

22. “Ten Year Of Calamity” • Mao was praised with songs and dances • His sayings were recorded in “The Little Red Book” • Was carried everywhere by everyone and was quoted as many times deemed possible • Pictures of Mao were posted in every public building and household • Any type of disrespect towards Mao was punished by imprisonment or death be it intentional or not.

23. Jiang Qing • Was a former actress and art critic. • One of the most powerful public figures • Married Mao in 1939. • Had 2 daughters. • She was responsible for presenting her family to the media and the members of the party’s leadership. • She recruited her own base of allies. • Zhang Chun-qiao – the leader of the Communist party • Yao Wen-yuan - writer

24. Jiang Qing • Believed that Chinese culture had been infected by ancient Chinese and Western influences. • She publicly denounced many of China’s most popular plays and movies, and replaced them with her own works. • Which embodied the correct revolutionary ideals. • Produced plays and operas to extol party line, and acted as the cultural advisor for the revolution. • Used the Red guards to attack many of her own political opponents. • Red guards targeted Western clothing, music, and literature.

25. Question Analyze the methods used by a totalitarian regime to maintain power.

26. Jiang Qing • Jiang Qing • Former TV Actress • Very popular • Used her theatrical influence to change people’s minds about Mao. • Denounced popular plays and movies • Created her own works with the correct revolutionary ideals.

27. Red Guards • The youth groups • Maintained people’s beliefs • Destroyed everything that symbolized China’s past or incorrect thoughts. • Tortured those who didn’t respect in Mao and his beliefs.

28. Charm • Appeared at rallies • greeted his supporters • Shouted slogans and praises • Fight capitalism and feudalism • “to rebel is justified”

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