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Classification: Arranging Organisms Based on Similarities

Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on similarities. It helps answer questions about species, their characteristics, and relationships. Learn about Carolus Linnaeus, binomial nomenclature, cladograms, scientific names, dichotomous keys, and the six kingdoms.

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Classification: Arranging Organisms Based on Similarities

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  1. Chapter 9 Classification

  2. Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on similarities.

  3. Classifying organisms help biologists answer questions like • How many species are there? • What are the characteristics of each? • What are the relationships between species?

  4. Carolus Linnaeus • Swedish physician and botanist • Lived in 1700’s • Founded taxonomy, the science of identifying, classifying and naming living things

  5. Binomial Nomenclature • Also known as binomenclature • Elephas maximus • Tyrannosaurus rex

  6. Cladograms (branching diagrams)

  7. Cladograms • Show close evolutionary relationships

  8. Which is the closest relative to Hibiscus? Which is the most distant relative to Hibiscus? Which plants have seeds?

  9. Scientific Names • 2 words, Genus and Species • Genus is capitalized and species is lower case • Examples: • Indian elephant – Elephas maximus • Humans – Homo sapiens

  10. Scientific names are usually Greek or Latin in origin • The short cut for writing scientific names is to use the first letter of the genus and the full name of the species • Example: • Escherichia coli is E. coli • Organisms can have many common names but only one scientific name

  11. Dichotomous Keys- • A tool that aids in identifying unknown organisms • Consists of several pairs of descriptive statements that have only two alternating responses • (think of the choose your own adventure books)

  12. Dichotomous Keys

  13. The 6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Single cell Live in extreme conditions (hot or cold) Live in Yellowstone Hot Springs

  14. Eubacteria Single celled Live everywhere Prokaryotes – no nucleus E. coli

  15. Protista Single or multi cellular Eukaryotes – nuclei present Simple organisms Believed to have given rise to the other kingdoms Protozoa, algae, slime molds, Euglena Paramecium Euglena

  16. Fungi Multicellular Eukaryotes – nuclei No photosynthesis occurs Food is obtained by breaking down materials around (decomposers) Mushrooms, molds

  17. Why don’t you cut off mold on bread and eat it?

  18. Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotes – nuclei Uses photosynthesis to produce food Usually green

  19. Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic –nuclei No cell walls Most move (exceptions in sea sponges and corals) Nervous systems

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