The Abductive Reasoning Toolkit: Peirce's Logic Insights

1. Abductive Reasoning https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

2. Scientific method • Charles Sanders Peirce, borrowing a page from Aristotle (Prior Analytics, 2.25) described the incipient stages of inquiry, instigated by the "irritation of doubt" to venture a plausible guess, as abductive reasoning https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

3. Empiricism - Pragmatism • To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reasoning https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

4. Logic programming - Abductive logic programming • It has also been used to interpret Negation as Failure as a form of abductive reasoning. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

5. Charles Sanders Peirce - • Influences radiate from points on parallel lines of inquiry in Aristotle's work, in such loci as: the basic terminology of psychology in On the Soul; the founding description of sign relations in On Interpretation; and the differentiation of inference into three modes that are commonly translated into English as Abductive reasoning|abduction, Deductive reasoning|deduction, and Inductive reasoning|induction, in the Prior Analytics, as well as inference by analogy (called paradeigma by Aristotle), which Peirce regarded as involving the other three modes. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

6. Charles Sanders Peirce - Modes of inference • Borrowing a brace of concepts from Aristotle, Peirce examined three basic modes of inference — abductive reasoning|abduction, deductive reasoning|deduction, and Inductive reasoning|induction — in his critique of arguments or logic proper https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

7. Abductive reasoning • Therefore, by abductive reasoning, the possibility that it rained last night is reasonable (but note that Peirce did not remain convinced that a single logical form covers all abduction).A Letter to J https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

8. Abductive reasoning • Peirce argues that good abductive reasoning from P to Q involves not simply a determination that, e.g., Q is sufficient for P, but also that Q is among the Occam's razor|most economical explanations for P. Simplification and economy both call for that leap of abduction.Peirce, C.S. (1902), application to the Carnegie Institution, see MS L75.329-330, from of Memoir 27: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

9. Abductive reasoning • In abductive reasoning, unlike in deductive reasoning, the premises do not guarantee the conclusion. One can understand abductive reasoning as inference to the best explanation.Sober, Elliot. Core Questions in Philosophy,5th edition. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

10. Abductive reasoning - Deduction, induction, and abduction • Deductive reasoning and abductive reasoning thus differ in the direction in which a rule like a entailment|entails b is used for inference https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

11. Abductive reasoning - Abductive validation • Abductive validation is the process of validating a given hypothesis through abductive reasoning https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

12. Abductive reasoning - Probabilistic abduction • Probabilistic abductive reasoning is a form of abductive validation, and is used extensively in areas where conclusions about possible hypotheses need to be derived, such as for making diagnoses from medical tests https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

13. Formal reasoning - • Abductive reasoning, or argument to the best explanation, is a form of inductive reasoning, since the conclusion in an abductive argument does not follow with certainty from its premises and concerns something unobserved https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

14. Psychology of reasoning - Different sorts of reasoning • Psychologically, what are the relationships between inductive reasoning|induction, deductive reasoning|deduction, abductive reasoning|abduction, and analogy? https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

15. List of thought processes • * Abductive reasoning https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

16. Models of scientific inquiry - Classical model • The classical model of scientific inquiry derives from Aristotle, who distinguished the forms of approximate and exact reasoning, set out the threefold scheme of abductive reasoning|abductive, deductive reasoning|deductive, and inductive reasoning|inductive inference, and also treated the compound forms such as reasoning by analogy. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

17. Inquiry - Abduction • The locus classicus for the study of abductive reasoning is found in Aristotle's Prior Analytics, Book 2, Chapt. 25. It begins this way: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

18. Inquiry - Abduction • We have Reduction (απαγωγη, abductive reasoning|abduction): https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

19. Inquiry - Abduction • Aristotle's latter variety of abductive reasoning, though it will take some explaining in the sequel, is well worth our contemplation, since it hints already at streams of inquiry that course well beyond the syllogistic source from which they spring, and into regions that Peirce will explore more broadly and deeply. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

20. Inquiry - Inquiry in the pragmatic paradigm • Borrowing a brace of concepts from Aristotle, Peirce examined three fundamental modes of reasoning that play a role in inquiry, commonly known as abductive reasoning|abductive, deductive reasoning|deductive, and inductive reasoning|inductive inference. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

21. Inquiry - Inquiry in the pragmatic paradigm • In rough terms, abductive reasoning|abduction is what we use to generate a likely hypothesis or an initial diagnosis in response to a phenomenon of interest or a problem of concern, while deductive reasoning|deduction is used to clarify, to derive, and to explicate the relevant consequences of the selected hypothesis, and inductive reasoning|induction is used to test the sum of the predictions against the sum of the data https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

22. Semiotics - Some important semioticians • He regarded formal semiotic as logic per se and part of philosophy; as also encompassing study of arguments (Abductive reasoning|hypothetical, Deductive reasoning|deductive, and Inductive reasoning|inductive) and inquiry's methods including pragmatism; and as allied to but distinct from logic's pure mathematics https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

23. Logic • Logic is often divided into three parts; inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

24. Inference - Nonmonotonic logic • Various kinds of defeasible but remarkably successful inference have traditionally captured the attention of philosophers (theories of induction, Peirce's theory of abductive reasoning|abduction, inference to the best explanation, etc.) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

25. Defeasible reasoning • Other kinds of non-demonstrative reasoning are probabilistic reasoning, inductive reasoning, statistical reasoning, abductive reasoning, and paraconsistent reasoning https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

26. Defeasible reasoning • * abductive reasoning|Abductive (from data and theory): p and q are correlated, and q is sufficient for p; hence, if p then (abducibly) q as cause https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

27. Automatic reasoning • The most developed subareas of automated reasoning are automated theorem proving (and the less automated but more pragmatic subfield of interactive theorem proving) and automated proof checking (viewed as guaranteed correct reasoning under fixed assumptions). Extensive work has also been done in reasoning by analogy Induction (philosophy)|induction and Abductive reasoning|abduction. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

28. Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) - Model-based diagnosis • Model-based diagnosis is an example of abductive reasoning using a model (abstract)|model of the system. In general, it works as follows: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

29. Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) - Model-based diagnosis • The semantics of these formulae is the following: if the behaviour of the system is not abnormal (i.e. if it is normal), then the internal (unobservable) behaviour will be Int1\, and the observable behaviour Obs1\,. Otherwise, the internal behaviour will be Int2\, and the observable behaviour Obs2\,. Given the observations Obs\,, the problem is to determine whether the system behaviour is normal or not (\neg Ab(S)\, or Ab(S)\,). This is an example of abductive reasoning. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

30. Analogies • In a narrower sense, analogy is an inference or an Logical argument|argument from one particular to another particular, as opposed to deductive reasoning|deduction, inductive reasoning|induction, and abductive reasoning|abduction, where at least one of the premises or the conclusion is general https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

31. Analysis of competing hypotheses • Abductive reasoning is an earlier concept with similarities to ACH. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

32. Analysis of competing hypotheses - Weaknesses • Since deception often is the result of a cognitive trap, Elsaesser and Stech use state-based hierarchical plan recognition (see abductive reasoning) to generate causal explanations of observations https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

33. Gregory Bateson - Other terms used by Bateson • *'Abductive reasoning|Abduction' https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

34. List of statistics articles - A • *Abductive reasoning https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

35. Grounded theory - Strauss Corbin's approach • The research principle behind grounded theory method is neither inductive reasoning|inductive nor deductive reasoning|deductive, but combines both in a way of abductive reasoning (coming from the works of Charles Sanders Peirce) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

36. Semiotic - Some important semioticians • He regarded formal semiotic as logic per se and part of philosophy; as also encompassing study of arguments (Abductive reasoning|hypothetical, Deductive reasoning|deductive, and Inductive reasoning|inductive) and inquiry's methods including pragmatism; and as allied to but distinct from logic's pure mathematics https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

37. Outline of human intelligence - Capacities of intelligence • *** Abductive reasoning https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

38. Nursing process • Some authors refer to a mind map or Abductive|abductive reasoning as a potential alternative strategy for organizing care.Bradshaw, J Lowenstein (2010) Innovative Teaching Strategies in Nursing and Related Health Professions. Intuition (knowledge)|Intuition plays a part for experienced nurses.Funnell, R., Koutoukidis, G. Lawrence, K. (2009) Tabbner's Nursing Care (5th Edition), page 222, Elsevier Pub, Australia. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

39. Logical • Logic is often divided into three parts: inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

40. Scientific realism - Arguments for and against scientific realism • Arguments for scientific realism often appeal to abductive reasoning or inference to the best explanation (Lipton, 2004). Scientific realists point to the success of scientific theories in predicting and explaining a variety of phenomena, and argue that from this we can infer that our scientific theories (or at least the best ones) provide true descriptions of the world, or approximately so. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

41. Outline of epistemology - Justification • ** Abductive Reasoning or Inference to the Best Explanation ndash; kind of logical inference described by Charles Sanders Peirce as the process of arriving at an explanatory hypothesis https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

42. Abduction (logic) • 'Abductive reasoning' (also called 'abduction',* Magnani, L. Abduction, Reason, and Science: Processes of Discovery and Explanation. Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York, 2001. xvii þ 205 pages. Hard cover, ISBN 0-306-46514-0. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

43. Abduction (logic) • One can understand abductive reasoning as inference to the best explanation.Sober, Elliot https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

44. Abduction (logic) - History • Therefore, by abductive reasoning, the possibility that it rained last night is reasonable (but note that Peirce did not remain convinced that a single logical form covers all abduction).A Letter to J https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

45. Abduction (logic) - History • Peirce argues that good abductive reasoning from P to Q involves not simply a determination that Q is sufficient for P, but also that Q is among the Occam's razor|most economical explanations for P. Simplification and economy both call for that leap of abduction.Peirce, C.S. (1902), application to the Carnegie Institution, see MS L75.329-330, from [http://www.cspeirce.com/menu/library/bycsp/l75/ver1/l75v1-08.htm#m27 Draft D] of Memoir 27: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

46. Index of epistemology articles - A • – Abductive reasoning https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

47. Sherlock Holmes - Holmesian deduction • Holmes's primary intellectual detection method is abductive reasoning https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

48. Alfred Gell - Thought • In this way for Gell works of art, in all cultures, are able to create shared common sense, especially through reasoning with abductive reasoning|abduction, which already in Aristotle is a less strong inference than 'inductive reasoning|induction and deductive reasoning|deduction, more intuitive and concise https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

49. Gnosiology - Eastern Orthodox theology • memory (abstract knowledge derived from experimentation being episteme or teachable knowledge), experience Inductive reasoning|induction (or empiricism), Deductive reasoning|deduction (or rationalism), scientific abductive reasoning, contemplation (theoria), Metaphysics|metaphysical and instinctual or Intuition (knowledge)|intuitive knowledge https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

50. History of scientific method - Charles Sanders Peirce • Peirce examined and articulated the three fundamental modes of reasoning that play a role in scientific inquiry today, the processes that are currently known as abductive reasoning|abductive, deductive reasoning|deductive, and inductive reasoning|inductive inference https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html