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Coevolution Types of Interactions A. Overview: B. Competition:

Explore the intricate relationships in ecosystems through mutualisms, such as trophic mutualisms and defensive mutualisms, and understand how coevolution drives the dynamics of species interactions. Learn about specialized interactions and diffuse interactions, including examples like rhizobium-plant mutualisms and ant-plant relationships. Delve deeper into the feedback loop of selective pressures, illustrating how mutual benefit shapes ecological systems over time.

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Coevolution Types of Interactions A. Overview: B. Competition:

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  1. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • A. Overview: • B. Competition: • C. Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism: • D. Mutualisms • Also a feedback loop of selective pressures - coevolution Mutualism

  2. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • A. Overview: • B. Competition: • C. Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism: • D. Mutualisms • Diffuse: groups of generalists interacting

  3. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • A. Overview: • B. Competition: • C. Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism: • D. Mutualisms • Specialized/Obligate: single species interacting

  4. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • A. Overview: • B. Competition: • C. Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism: • D. Mutualisms • Specialized/Obligate: single species interacting Deeper flowers limit access to one pollinator species. This species always gets a reward at this flower; increases its fidelity. Increase in fidelity increases its effectiveness as a pollinator (increases fitness of plant).

  5. - Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients

  6. - Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients

  7. - Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients

  8. - Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients Rhizobium bacteria fix nitrogen, breaking N2 into N, which reacts with water and oxygen to form NO2 and NO3 that can be absorbed by plant. Infect legumes; plant provides sugars.

  9. - Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients Ectomycorrhiza and “Endo”- or arbuscular mycorrhizae

  10. - Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients Lichens – an alga and a fungus

  11. - Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients Mixed foraging flocks

  12. - Types of Mutualisms: Defensive Mutualisms – trade protection for food

  13. - Types of Mutualisms: Defensive Mutualisms – trade protection for food Ants ‘farm’ the fungus, culturing it on a chewed-leaf mulch.

  14. - Types of Mutualisms: Defensive Mutualisms – trade protection for food Acacia and Acacia ants

  15. Induced and Constitutive Defenses in Acacia. The species in the right-hand column have mutualistic relationships with ant species - the ants nest in the thorns. Those on the left can attract ants with extra-floral nectary secretions, but the ants do not nest. The Acacia species on the left increase their nectar secretions after damage, inducing wandering ants to come visit and stay a while. The species on the right have to support the ant colonies all the time, and nectar production is uniformly high and unaffected by damage.

  16. Induced and Constitutive Defenses in Acacia. The species in the right-hand column have mutualistic relationships with ant species - the ants nest in the thorns. Those on the left can attract ants with extra-floral nectary secretions, but the ants do not nest. The Acacia species on the left increase their nectar secretions after damage, inducing wandering ants to come visit and stay a while. The species on the right have to support the ant colonies all the time, and nectar production is uniformly high and unaffected by damage. WHICH CAME FIRST??

  17. Induced and Constitutive Defenses in Acacia. Induced defenses first, then the obligate relationship evolved…

  18. Todd M. Palmer,Maureen L. Stanton, Truman P. Young,Jacob R. Goheen,Robert M. Pringle,Richard Karban. 2008. Breakdown of an Ant-Plant Mutualism Follows the Loss of Large Herbivores from an African Savanna. Science 319:192-195. Fig. 1. Rewards produced in the presence (white bars) and absence (gray bars) of large herbivores by A. drepanolobium occupied by different species of Acacia ants. Ant species' abbreviations are indicated as: Cs, C. sjostedti; Cm, C. mimosae; Cn, C. nigriceps; Tp, T. penzigi. Plants produce fewer rewards when large herbivores are absent and herbivory rates are LOWER. Bribing ants to stay and protect them is less important.

  19. Todd M. Palmer,Maureen L. Stanton, Truman P. Young,Jacob R. Goheen,Robert M. Pringle,Richard Karban. 2008. Breakdown of an Ant-Plant Mutualism Follows the Loss of Large Herbivores from an African Savanna. Science 319:192-195. Fig. 2. The proportion of host trees occupied by the four Acacia-ant species in the presence of large herbivores (white bars) and in plots from which large herbivores had been excluded (gray bars) for 10 years. And if large herbivores are excluded and plants produce less nectar, then some ants abandon the trees (the mutualist).

  20. “Our results indicate that the large herbivores typical of Africansavannas have driven the evolution and maintenance of a widespreadant-Acacia mutualism and that their experimentally simulatedextinction rapidly tips the scales away from mutualism and towarda suite of antagonistic behaviors by the interacting species.Browsing by large herbivores induces greater production of nectaryand domatia rewards by trees, and these rewards in turn influenceboth the behavior of a specialized, mutualistic ant symbiontand the outcome of competition between this mutualist and anon-obligate host-plant parasite. Where herbivores are present,the carbohydrate subsidy provided by host trees plays a keyrole in the dominance of the strongly mutualistic C. mimosae,which is consistent with the hypothesis that plant exudatesfuel dominance of canopy ant species that are specialized usersof these abundant resources (28). In the absence of large herbivores,reduction in host-tree rewards to ant associates results ina breakdown in this mutualism, which has strong negative consequencesfor Acacia growth and survival. Ongoing anthropogenic loss oflarge herbivores throughout Africa (29, 30) may therefore havestrong and unanticipated consequences for the broader communitiesin which these herbivores occur.” Todd M. Palmer,Maureen L. Stanton, Truman P. Young,Jacob R. Goheen,Robert M. Pringle,Richard Karban. 2008. Breakdown of an Ant-Plant Mutualism Follows the Loss of Large Herbivores from an African Savanna. Science 319:192-195.

  21. - Types of Mutualisms: Defensive Mutualisms – trade protection for food Ants ‘farm’ aphids and drink their ‘honeydew’

  22. - Types of Mutualisms: Cleaning Mutualisms – trade cleaning for food

  23. - Types of Mutualisms: Dispersing Mutualisms – trade dispersal for food

  24. - Types of Mutualisms: Dispersing Mutualisms – trade dispersal for food

  25. Dispersive Mutualisms – Trade dispersal for food

  26. - Types of Mutualisms: Dispersing Mutualisms – trade dispersal for food Not mutualism (commensal or parasitic)

  27. - Types of Mutualisms: Social Cooperation Nowak, M. A. 2006. Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. Science 314:1560-1563.

  28. - Types of Mutualisms: Fish visit non-cheating cleaners more And watched cleaners cheat less.

  29. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frpp6DjCaJU Nowak, M. A. 2006. Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. Science 314:1560-1563.

  30. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • Evolutionary Effects • A. Diversification

  31. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • Evolutionary Effects • A. Diversification Mullerian mimics: mutualists… Radiation of geographic subspecies in one species is largely matched by divergence in other.

  32. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • Evolutionary Effects • B. Speciation and Radiations Leafhoppers, cicadas, and planthoppers and their endosymbionts

  33. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • Evolutionary Effects • B. Speciation and Radiations

  34. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • Evolutionary Effects • B. Speciation and Radiations Radiation of Arthropods stimulated by predation

  35. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • Evolutionary Effects • C. Major Evolutionary Innovations And Mutualisms Endosymbiotic Theory and origins of Eukaryotes

  36. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • Evolutionary Effects • C. Major Evolutionary Innovations And Mutualisms Evolution of multicellularity

  37. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • Evolutionary Effects • The Changing Nature of Interactions • A. Competition Facilitation Initially facultative (commensal) relationships, like one plant shading another in the desert) can become competitive when they are large.

  38. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • Evolutionary Effects • The Changing Nature of Interactions • A. Competition Facilitation Trees may compete for light aboveground, but share nutrients via mycorrhizal fungi belowground – even between species

  39. Coevolution • Types of Interactions • Evolutionary Effects • The Changing Nature of Interactions • A. Competition Facilitation Old dieing trees shunt nutrients to younger trees – even between species- through mycorrhizal networks. May be change in relationships with the fungus, whereby ‘old tree’ is being parasitized while young tree is being facilitated. Net result is shunting of carbon.

  40. B. Mutualism Parasitism Orchids, Euglossine Bees, and Wasps.

  41. B. Mutualism Parasitism

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