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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Socialization. Questions for you…. Which agents of socialization have had the greatest impact on your development? Family Education Peer Group The Media Religion. Chapter Outline. Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe?

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Socialization

  2. Questions for you… • Which agents of socialization have had the greatest impact on your development? • Family • Education • Peer Group • The Media • Religion

  3. Chapter Outline Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe? Social Psychological Theories of Human Development Sociological Theories of Human Development

  4. Chapter Outline Agents of Socialization Gender and Racial-Ethnic Socialization Socialization Through the Life Course Resocialization Socialization in the Future

  5. Socialization The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society. Socialization is the essential link between the individual and society. Socialization is the process through which we become human.

  6. Why Socialization Is Important Teaches us ways to think, talk and act that are necessary for social living. Ensures that members of society are socialized to support the existing social structure. Allows society to pass culture on to the next generation.

  7. Life-Long Process Children need to be surrounded by people who care for them, interact with them and provide for their basic needs. This is essential for complete growth and development. Children who are isolated, abused or neglected may experience long term developmental challenges.

  8. How Much Do You Know About Socialization and theCollege Experience? • True or False ? • Professors are the primary agents of socialization for college students.

  9. How Much Do You Know About Socialization and theCollege Experience? • False. • Numerous studies have concluded that although professors are important in helping students learn about the academic side of the college experience, our friends and acquaintances help us adapt to higher education.

  10. How Much Do You Know About Socialization and theCollege Experience? True or False? In recent studies, few students report that they spend time studying with other students.

  11. How Much Do You Know About Socialization and theCollege Experience? False. A recent study reported in The Chronicle of Higher Education found that 87.7 percent of first-year students at four-year colleges stated that they studied with other students. Similar data are not available for students at two-year schools. Would this percentage be higher, lower, or about the same at two-year and community colleges?

  12. Human Development Each of us is a product of two forces: • Heredity- “nature” • Determines our physical makeup. • Social environment -“nurture.” • Determines how we develop and behave.

  13. Freud’s Theory of Personality

  14. Freud’s Theory of Personality • Human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of personality: • Id • Ego • Superego

  15. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) - children understand the world through sensory contact and immediate action. Preoperational stage (age 2 to 7) - children begin to use words as symbols and form mental images.

  16. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Concrete operational stage (7 to 11) - children think in terms of tangible objects and events. Formal operational stage (12 and up) - adolescents begin to think about the future and evaluate different courses of action.

  17. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning Preconventional level (7 to 10)Children’s perceptions are based on punishment and obedience. Conventional level (10 to adult)People are concerned with how they are perceived by peers and how one conforms to rules.

  18. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning Postconventional level (few adults reach this stage)People view morality in terms of individual rights; “moral conduct” is judged by principles based on human rights that transcend government and laws.

  19. Gilligan’s Stages of Female Moral Development Stage 1: A woman is motivated primarily by selfish concerns. Stage 2: She recognizes her responsibility to others. Stage 3: She makes a decision based on a desire to do the greatest good for self and for others.

  20. Cooley: The Looking-Glass Self • We imagine how we look to others. • We imagine how other people judge the appearance that we think we present. • If we think the evaluation is favorable our self-concept is enhanced. • If we think the evaluation is unfavorable, our self-concept is diminished.

  21. The Looking-Glass Self

  22. Mead and Role-taking The self is divided into “I” and “Me”: “I” represents the unique traits of each person. “Me” is composed of the demands of others and the awareness of those demands. “I” develops first. “Me” is formed during three stages of self development.

  23. Mead’s Three Stages of Self-Development Preparatory Stage (up to age 3)Children prepare for role-taking by imitating the people around them. Play Stage (3 - 5)Children begin to see themselves in relation to others.

  24. Mead’s Three Stages of Self-Development Game Stage (early school years)Children understand their social position and the positions of those around them.Children become concerned about the demands and expectations of others.

  25. Agents of Socialization Family Peer Group School Mass Media These agents, as well as others, help to facilitate the process of socialization.

  26. Question… Which agent of socialization has had the greatest impact on your development? What role did this agent play in helping to make you the person that you are?

  27. Polling Question • Which agent of socialization do you think is the most responsible for gender differences in how males and females are socialized? • The family • Religion • The peer group • Education • Mass media

  28. Functionalist Perspective: Functions of Schools Teach students to be productive members of society. Transmit culture. Social control and personal development. Select, train, and place individuals on different rungs in society.

  29. Conflict Perspective: Schools Experiences depend on social class, racial–ethnic background, gender, and other factors. Children learn to be neat, punctual, quiet, wait their turn, and remain attentive to their work. Schools socialize children for later roles in the work force.

  30. Media As Socializing Agents Inform us about events. Introduce us to a variety of people. Provide an array of viewpoints on current issues. Make us aware of products that will supposedly help us. Entertain us.

  31. Polling Question • Which media source do you think has the strongest impact on attitudes and behaviors of your generation? • Advertising • Television • Music and music videos • The Internet • Magazines

  32. Quick Quiz

  33. 1. Socialization is essential for: • the individual's survival and for human development. • all of the choices. • the survival and stability of society. • society to learn how to reproduce itself.

  34. Answer: B Socialization is essential for the individual's survival and for human development, the survival and stability of society and for society to learn how to reproduce itself.

  35. 2. The lifelong practice of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society, is called: • socialization • sociological imagination • acculturation • assimilation

  36. Answer: A The lifelong practice of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society is called socialization.

  37. 3. Kohlberg's research classified moral reasoning into three sequential levels as follows: • id, ego, superego • imagination, imitation, and simulation • preparatory, play, game • preconventional, conventional, postconventional

  38. Answer: D Kohlberg's research classified moral reasoning into three sequential levels, preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

  39. 4. The ________ by Charles Horton Cooley refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others. • generalized other • reference group self • Looking-glass self • ego

  40. Answer: C The looking-glass self, by Charles Horton Cooley, refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

  41. 5. Agents of socialization include: • mass media • school • all of the choices • the family

  42. Answer: C Agents of socialization include the mass media, school, and the family.

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