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Adaptations to the Physical Environment: Heat Exchange and Effects on Organisms

Explore the various adaptations organisms have developed to efficiently exchange heat with their environment, including structural, physiological, and behavioral strategies. Learn about the impact of heat exchange on an organism's heat budget, body size and SA/V ratio, and the effects of temperature increase. Discover how adaptations to the physical environment play a crucial role in an organism's survival and overall fitness.

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Adaptations to the Physical Environment: Heat Exchange and Effects on Organisms

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  1. Radiation – E emitted from a surface Conduction – kinetic E trans. By contact Convection – moving air/liquid (boundary) Evaporation – exchange of latent E Adaptations to the Physical Environment  II. Light III. Heat Exchange A. Pathways of Exchange

  2. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • 1. Heat Budget An organisms heat budget is strongly tied to both metabolism (producing heat) and water balance

  3. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • 1. Heat Budget • 2. Body Size and SA/V ratio

  4. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • 1. Heat Budget • 2. Body Size and SA/V Ratio • 3. Effects of Temperature Increase metabolism, increase production of metabolic waste Increase evaporation Increase water demand

  5. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • Adaptations Concept of flux: The rate of exchange of energy or matter (water) is a function of: - SA/V - energy/matter concentration gradient - characteristics of the surface (covered by oils or hairs?) Cushion plants Cacti

  6. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • Adaptations • 1. Structural White-tailed Deer - Bergmann’s Rule (1847) Bears Larger (smaller SA/V ratio) as latitude increases

  7. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • Adaptations • 1. Structural • Bergmann’s Rule (1847) • Allen’s Rule (1849) Lower SA/V – ‘rounder’ and latitude increases

  8. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • Adaptations • 1. Structural • Humans: • PETER T. KATZMARZYK AND WILLIAM R. LEONARD. (1998) Climatic Influences on Human Body Size and Proportions: Ecological Adaptations and Secular Trends. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 106:483–503. Bergmann

  9. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • Adaptations • 1. Structural • Humans: • PETER T. KATZMARZYK AND WILLIAM R. LEONARD. (1998) Climatic Influences on Human Body Size and Proportions: Ecological Adaptations and Secular Trends. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 106:483–503. Allen

  10. increase edge/SA ratios, and increase SA/V ratios - maximize the loss of absorbed heat energy shade leaf - broad sun leaf - deeply cut; narrow

  11. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • Adaptations • 1. Structural • Hairs, spines, feathers… • create boundary layer.

  12. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • Adaptations • 1. Structural • 2. Physiological HomeothermsPoikilotherms Constant temp Variable temps Mostly birds and mammals; some large fish (tuna) Hummingbirds, some mammals that go into torpor regularly Endothermy: Generate heat Ectothermy: Temperature is environmentally determined Some tropical species, deep sea species, some dinosaurs (‘gigantotherms’) Most fish, inverts, amphibians, reptiles

  13. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • Adaptations • 1. Structural • 2. Physiological Increase surface blood flow to dissipate heat

  14. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • Adaptations • 1. Structural • 2. Physiological Decrease metabolism to reduce gradient and rate of heat loss

  15. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • Adaptations • 1. Structural • 2. Physiological Counter-current exchange to maximize heat retention

  16. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • Adaptations • 1. Structural • 2. Physiological • 3. Behavioral Bask

  17. Adaptations to the Physical Environment •  II. Light • III. Heat Exchange • Pathways of Exchange • Effects on Organisms • Adaptations • 1. Structural • 2. Physiological • 3. Behavioral migrate

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