GIS Operations and Spatial Analysis Techniques for Ecosystem Management

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22. Infiltration Hydrologic Cycle Precipitation Surface Root Zone Sub Soils Transpiration Evaporation Bed Rock Percolation Aquifer Lake Stream Ocean Interflow Groundwater Flow

23. Shoreline Management Act • Applies to: • All marine waters • Streams with a mean annual flow greater than 20 cubic feet per second • Lakes 20 acres or larger • Upland areas called “shorelands” 200 feet landward from the edge of these waters • Following when associate with above • Biological wetlands and river deltas • 100-year floodplain

27. Dissolve combines features that have the same value for a specified feature. The output layer contains simplified features of different values. Dissolve Merge Merge combines common features of two or more themes into a single theme. Feature data will be retained if they have the same name. Clip uses an overlay layer like a cookie cutter on the input theme. The input theme’s data features are not altered in the clipped layer. Clip GIS Operations Intersect cuts an input layer with the features from an overlay layer to produce an output layer with combined areas that have feature data from both themes. Intersect Union combines features of an input layer with the features from an overlay layer to produce an output layer that contains the feature data and full extent of both input and overlay layers. Union Input Overlay Output Redrawn from Help: ArcView 3.2, ESRI, 1999 LMG 2000

28. Multiple individual species combined by repeated intersection by species then unioned by number to produce species group maps Spotted Owl Bald Eagle Other Birds State Gap Habitat Map Reptiles & Amphibians Mammals Derivation of Species Layers Salmonids Making a clipped county habitat map for each species was the first step Species Group maps were unioned by number of species to produce county wide Species Richness maps County Cutting Shape 1 Richness maps were then processed into two classes: Less than or equal to ½ or greater than ½ of the total number of species occurring on private land used to create the map. This map is then clipped with the shape of private land to produce a map of affected and unaffected areas END Composed from images seen elsewhere. LMG, 2002

29. In this simple example, two layers like individual species layers are overlaid. The solid red layer is the result on the intersection of them. That is it is all the places that the two layers have in common or for our use where there are two species. This process was repeated for each pair to make the two species layers, each triplet for the threes and so on. The white areas of the next layer represent the areas where there is at least one species. The different outline colors are left to make the areas recognizable. These areas are then summed by merging to make the lighter red area. The two layers representing one and two species are then summed to include all of the information in both layers by unioning them. The result is a layer showing all the areas with one or two species habitat. Using the presence of the appropriate habitat as a proxy for the presence of the species. Input layers: species habitat Derivation of Species Layers 2 Graphic overlay of Input Layers Final Union of one and two species habitat layers. Merge of single species = one species habitat areas. Intersection of the two specie habitat layers = two species habitat areas LMG, 2002