How did American Economy Change During the Early 19 th Century?

1. How did American Economy Change During the Early 19th Century? U.S. History & Government 11th Grade Boys/Girls Br. Siraj Date: December 20, 2019

2. What is Economy • A system that determines the modes of productions and the usage of goods and services in a country. • Types: • Traditional – No Change over long period of time • Market: Determined by the market factors – supply and demand • Capitalism/ Laissez faire / entrepreneurial business • Command • Controlled by government • Mixed: Elements of all

3. What Factors Led the Market Revolution in America • Market Revolution: a change in economy in which people bought and sold goods rather than making them for themselves. • Factors: • More Industrialization • Workers earned money to spend on goods made by others • Farmers started to raise specialized crops, one or two crops to sell • Growth of Capitalism

4. What Factors Led the Market Revolution in America • New inventions: • Vulcanized rubber and sewing machine • Growing Food production by the farmers • Cash from selling the food to city people was used to buy manufactured goods. • Improved technology made goods cheaper • Many people could now buy many products

5. How did Inventions Change Life in America • Some inventions made life comfortable and others made economic revolution by helping communication and transportation • Telegraph: Invented by Samuel F.B. Morse • Sending message by wire • Businesses could order fast and have up-to-date information about prices and sales • Rail roads could be kept operational always and Engineers could be informed of the hazards.

6. How did Inventions Change Life in America • Steamboats: made river travel easier, quicker and cheaper • Canals were dug to have transportation of goods. • Freight charges were lessened • Railroads were also built to move goods faster • Initially expensive but later became cheaper

7. How did farming Improve • America’s regions became interdependent because of improved transportation • South exported cotton to northern textile mills • West sent grains and livestock to the East • South remain agricultural – cotton, tobacco and rice was produced • Northeast became nation’s manufacturing center • Midwest became center of farming

8. How did farming Improve • Steel plow • Invented by john Deere helped better prepare the land • Mechanical Reaper • Invented by Cyrus McCormick helped one farmer do the work of five. • These inventions led the farmers to go for cash productions

9. Vulcanization of Rubber • Vulcanization refers to a specific curing process of rubber involving high heat and the addition of sulfur. It is a chemical process in which polymer molecules are linked to other polymer molecules by atomic bridges composed of sulfur atoms. The end result is that the springy rubber molecules become cross-linked to a greater or lesser extent. This makes the bulk material harder, much more durable and also more resistant to chemical attack. It also makes the surface of the material smoother and prevents it from sticking to metal or plastic chemical catalysts.

10. Reasons for Vulcanization • Uncured natural rubber is sticky and can easily deform when warm, and is brittle when cold. So it cannot be used to make articles with a good level of elasticity (where elasticity is defined as the possibility to return to the original shape after a deformation). The reason for unelastic deformation of unvulcanized rubber can be found in the chemical nature: rubber is made of long polymer chains. These polymer chains can move independently towards each other, and this will result in an irreversible change of shape. By the process of vulcanization crosslinks are formed between the polymer chains, so the chains cannot move independently anymore. As a result, when stress is applied the vulcanized rubber will deform, but upon release of the stress, the rubber article will go back to its original shape.

11. Homework • Questions 1, 2 and 4 on Page 279