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1. Welcome! English 10

2. Today’s Agenda • This week in English 10 • Kohlberg Notes • Journal entry • Justice vocabulary Read Write Speak Listen

3. This week in English 10 • This week in English 10 Read Write Speak Listen

4. Lawrence Kohlberg LEVELS & STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

5. Vocabulary • Morality: standards of conduct that are generally accepted as right or proper • Moral reasoning: a branch of psychology concerned with how people make ethical decisions • Ethics: a system of moral principles, either those of an individual or those recognized by a group (there may be overlap) • Social contract: an agreement for mutual benefit between an individual or group and the government or community as a whole.

6. Kohlberg’s Method • Began by gathering 72 children between 10-16 years old • Later added younger kids, delinquents, and children from a variety of cities and countries

7. Kohlberg’s Method • As a moral philosopher and child development expert, Kohlberg devised a way to understand the process humans go through when they develop morally. • Proposed a series of dilemmas to the kids and noted and categorized their responses. • Was not interested in the final answer but why they had come to that conclusion.

8. Heinz Dilemma • A woman was near death due to a special kind of cancer. There was only one recently-discovered drug that doctors thought might save her. The drug was expensive to make, and the pharmacist who invented it was charging ten times what the drug cost him to produce. He paid $200 to make the drug and charged $2,000 for a small dose of it. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow money and worked overtime, but he could only come up with $1,000. He told the pharmacist that his wife was dying and asked him to either sell it cheaper or to allow him to pay later. The pharmacist said, “No. I discovered the drug, I’m going to make money from it, and furthermore I need that money to research other drugs which may eventually save other lives later.” So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man’s store and stole the drug for his wife.

9. Kohlberg’s Question • Should Heinz have broken into the laboratory to steal the drug for his wife? Why or why not? • You must write your personal reasoning behind your answer! Explain your decision in 1-2 sentences.

10. Level One: Pre-conventional Morality (ages 4-10) • Stage One: Obedience and Punishment • Moral judgment is motivated by the need to avoid punishment. Interest is in the desire to avoid trouble and recognize the superior power in control. • Stage Two: Back-Scratching • Moral judgment is motivated by the need to satisfy one’s own desires – society is not an issue. Exchange may appear but only of the “if you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours” variety.

11. Level Two: Conventional Morality (ages 10-13) • Stage Three: Approval/Conformity (Good Boy/Nice Girl) • Moral judgment is motivated by the need to gain approval of your peers and to avoid rejection or disapproval from others. • Stage Four: Duty/Law and Order • Moral judgment is motivated by the need to not be criticized by an authority figure. Inclined to show respect for authority and to live up to one’s duty. Abide by laws at all times except in extreme cases.

12. Level Three: Post-conventional Morality (some mature teens and many adults) • Stage Five: Social Contract & Individual Rights • Moral judgment is motivated by community respect for all, respecting social order, and living under legally determined laws. There is recognition of an arbitrary element in rules or expectations for the sake of agreement. Duty is defined in terms of contract. General avoidance of violation of the will or rights of others or of the majority’s will. • We want to keep society functioning as long as it’s a good society. • Legal does not necessarily mean moral, but usually the two coincide.

13. Level Three: Post-conventional Morality (some mature teens and many adults) • Stage Six: Universal Principles & Conscience • Moral judgment is motivated by one’s personal conscience. Orientation not only to ordained social rules, but also to principles of choice appealing to logical universality and consistency; conscience is a directing agent together with mutual respect and trust. • Believes principles of justice are universal. • Examples: Gandhi and MLK and their belief in civil disobedience.

14. Justice vocabulary • Courtroom Phrases: • Innocent until proven guilty. • Beyond a reasonable doubt. • Courtroom Terms: • Jury • Verdict • Acquittal • Abstain • Courtroom Terms: • Prosecution • Alibi • Defense • Unanimous • Defendant • Hung Jury • Sequestered • Objection Read Write Speak Listen

15. Bye! • Come back soon! Read Write Speak Listen