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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Cash and Internal Control. Financial Accounting, Alternate 4e by Porter and Norton. higher. Gap Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets (partial). ASSETS (in thousands) Feb. 1, 2003 Feb 2, 2002 Current Assets: Cash and equivalents $3,388,514 $1,035,749

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 Cash and Internal Control Financial Accounting, Alternate 4e by Porter and Norton

  2. higher Gap Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets (partial) ASSETS (in thousands) Feb. 1, 2003 Feb 2, 2002 Current Assets: Cash and equivalents $3,388,514 $1,035,749 Merchandise inventory 2,047,879 1,768,613 Other current assets 303,332 331,685 Total current assets $5,739,725 $3,136,047

  3. Gap Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets (partial) ASSETS (in thousands) Current Assets: Cash and equivalents Key to classification as cash: readily available to pay debts

  4. Pay to the order of: ABC Co. Cash • Coin & currency • Checking, savings & money market accounts • Undeposited, cashier, and certified checks

  5. Cash Equivalents and the Statement of Cash Flows Gap Inc.’s Consolidated Balance Sheets (partial) (in thousands)Feb. 1, 2003 Feb 2, 2002 Current Assets: Cash and equivalents $3,388,514 $1,035,749 Merchandise inventory 2,047,879 1,768,613 Other current assets 303,332 331,685 Total current assets $5,739,725 $3,136,047 Gap Inc.’s Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (partial) Year ended Year ended (in thousands) Feb. 1, 2003 Feb 2, 2002 Net increase (decrease) in cash and equivalents 2,352,765 626,955 Cash and equivalents at beg. of year 1,035,749 408,794 Cash and equivalents at end of year $3,388,514 $1,035,749

  6. Readily convertible to cash • Original maturity to investor of 3 months or less 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Cash Equivalents • Commercial paper • U.S. Treasury bills • Certain money market funds

  7. Cash Management • Necessary to ensure company has neither too little nor too much cash on hand • Tools: • Cash Flows Statement • Cash Budgets • Bank Reconciliations • Petty Cash Funds

  8. Deposits Customer notes and interest collected by bank Interest earned Canceled checks NSF checks Service charges Bank Statements Cash balance, beginning of period + = Cash balance, end of period

  9. Bank Reconciliation - Step 1 Trace deposits on bank statement to books. Identify deposits in transit. Add to bank balance. Deposits in Transit: Late period deposits not yet reflected on bank statement

  10. Example of Reconciliation Bank Statement Adjustments: Deposits Balance per statement, June 30 $ 3,308.59 Add: Deposit in transit 642.30 10

  11. Bank Reconciliation - Step 2 Trace checks cleared by bank to books. Identify outstanding checks. Subtract from bank balance. Outstanding checks: Checks written but not yet presented to bank ABC Co. Pay to the order of: XYZ Co.

  12. Example of Reconciliation Bank Statement Adjustments: Checks Outstanding Balance per statement, June 30 $3,308.59 Add: Deposit in transit 642.30 Deduct: Outstanding checks: Check No. 496 $ 79.89 Check No. 501 213.20 Check No. 502 424.75 (717.84) Adjusted balance, June 30 $3,233.05 12

  13. Bank Reconciliation - Step 3 List all other additions (credit memoranda) shown on the bank statement. Add to book balance. Credit memoranda: Interest earned, customer notes collected

  14. Example of Reconciliation Cash Account Adjustments: Credit Memoranda Balance per books, June 30 $ 2,895.82 Add: Note collected $500.00 Interest on note 50.00 Interest earned 15.45 Recording error, #498 54.00 619.45 14

  15. Date Non-Sufficient Funds Bank Reconciliation - Step 4 List all other subtractions (debit memoranda) shown on the bank statement. Subtract from book balance. Debit memoranda: NSF checks, service charges, etc.

  16. Example of Reconciliation Cash Account Adjustments: Debit Memoranda Balance per books, June 30 $ 2,895.82 Add: Note collected $500.00 Interest on note 50.00 Interest earned 15.45 Recording error, #498 54.00 619.45 Deduct: NSF check $245.72 Collection fee – note 16.50 Service charge 20.00 (282.22) Adjusted balance, June 30 $ 3,233.05

  17. Bank Reconciliation - Step 5 Identify errors made by the bank or the company in recording transactions during the period.

  18. Use the information collected in Steps 1 - 5 to prepare the bank reconciliation. Bank Reconciliation Balance per bank $$$ : Adjusted balance $$$ Balance per books $$$ : Adjusted balance $$$ Adjusted balances for book and bank must agree Bank Reconciliation - Step 6

  19. Example of Reconciliation Bank Statement Adjustments Balance per statement, June 30 $ 3,308.59 : Adjusted balance, June 30 $ 3,233.05 Cash Account Adjustments Balance per books, June 30 $ 2,895.82 : Adjusted balance, June 30 $ 3,233.05 19

  20. Book adjustments are the basis for adjusting entries Bank Reconciliation Adjusting Entries Bank Reconciliation Balance per bank $$$ : Adjusted balance $$$ Balance per books $$$ : Adjusted balance $$$

  21. Date Dept. of Treasurer Jane Doe Paycheck for RECEIPT Dr. Cr. RECEIPT RECEIPT RECEIPT Petty Cash

  22. Internal Auditors External Auditors Audit Committee of Board of Directors Responsibility for Internal Control Management

  23. Internal Control Control Environment Internal Control Procedures Accounting System

  24. The Control Environment • Management’s competence and operating style • Personnel policies and practices • Influence of board of directors

  25. The Accounting System • Can be manual or automated systems or a combination of both • Use of journals is an integral part of any system Methods and records used to report transactions and maintain financial information

  26. Internal Control Procedures Independent Review and Appraisal Independent Verification Design & Use of Business Documents Safeguarding Assets and Records Proper Authorizations Segregation of Duties 26

  27. LOAN APPROVED Proper Authorizations • Authority and responsibility go hand in hand

  28. Segregation of duties • Separate physical custody from the accounting for assets

  29. Independent Verification • One individual or department acts as a check on the work of another

  30. Safeguarding Assets and Records • Protect assets and accounting records from loss, theft, unauthorized use, etc.

  31. Audit Report Independent Review and Appraisal • Provide for periodic review and appraisal of the accounting system and the people operating it.

  32. Design and Use of Business Documents • Capture all relevant information about a transaction and assist in proper recording and classification. • Are properly controlled

  33. Limitations on Internal Control • No system is entirely foolproof • Employees in collusion can override the best controls • Cost vs. benefit tradeoff

  34. Date Paycheck for John Doe Dept. of Treasurer Date Jane Doe Paycheck for Dept. of Treasurer Controls Over Cash • All cash receipts deposited intact daily • All cash disbursements made by check

  35. Controls Over Cash Received Over the Counter • Cash registers • Prenumbered customer receipts • Investigation of recurring discrepancies

  36. Controls Over Cash Received in the Mail • Two employees open mail • Prelist prepared • Monthly customer statements

  37. Appendix Computerized Business Documents and Internal Control

  38. Controls over Cash Disbursements: Business Documents Receiving Report Purchase Requisition Purchase Order Invoice Approval Purchase Invoice Check prepared

  39. End of Chapter 5

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