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Chapter 2 Ecology

Chapter 2 Ecology. BIO Q.O.D. Define symbiosis. BIO Q.O.D. How is the growth rate of a country calculated?. What is Ecology?. Study of relationships & interactions among organisms with each other & environment. Ecology – Why Study it?. The environment is changing.

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Chapter 2 Ecology

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  1. Chapter 2 Ecology

  2. BIO Q.O.D. • Define symbiosis

  3. BIO Q.O.D. • How is the growth rate of a country calculated?

  4. What is Ecology? • Study of relationships & interactions among organisms with each other & environment

  5. Ecology – Why Study it? • The environment is changing

  6. Global Warming

  7. 1875 Pasterze Glacier Austria 2004 http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/images/posterglacier.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/&h=436&w=576&sz=85&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=KopKZbiDnnlHFM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dphotographer%2Band%2Bglobal%2Bwarming%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den

  8. Connection to us • 40 million acres lost / year to deforestation • The US uses 20.7 million barrels of oil / day  China uses 6.5 million

  9. Current Population U.S. 311,345,590China 1,339,724,852 India 1,210, 193,422 World 6,918,179,778 5/13/11 http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html

  10. History of Human Population Trends 1939-1945: 58 million people killed during WWII 1347-1351: Bubonic plaque killed 75 million people 1/3 of Europe’s Population 1940-1950: Baby Boom in US 1800: Industrial Revolution = population explosion 1918: Spanish Flu killed 20-40 million people 2006: 2.9 million people die as a result of AIDS in Africa

  11. Growth Rates of Countries

  12. Increase Immigration High birth rates Decrease Emigration Competition Predation High death rates Disease What affects population size? Limiting Factors

  13. Levels of Organizations

  14. Key Ecology Terms • Population: Group of same species living in an area • Community: All living things in an area • Niche: an organism’s role within the community

  15. Key Ecology Terms (cont.) • Ecosystem: biological community • Habitat: Where organisms live • Biome: Group of ecosystems

  16. How are we connected? • Environment has many interconnected factors • Biotic: living factors • Abiotic: nonliving factors

  17. Community Interaction Symbiotic relationships • Competition for resources 2. Predation: Predator Prey

  18. 3. Mutualism • Both organisms benefit Example: Protists live in termite gut & help it digest wood

  19. Mutualism Examples

  20. 4. Commensalism • One organism benefits other not affected Example: Remora rides on sharks & eats food scraps

  21. Commensalism Examples

  22. Barnacles on a whale

  23. 5. Parasitism • One organism (parasite) benefits & other (host) is harmed • Parasite usually doesn’t kill host Example: Flea & Dog

  24. Parasitism Examples HIV Tick “Myxi” disease

  25. Other Relationships • Keystone Species: niche affects many others • Invasive Species: introduced species  can affect native species

  26. Invasive Species

  27. Flow of Energy in Ecosystems • Energy limits ecosystem size and biodiversity

  28. How Does Energy Flow? 1. Sun  2. Producers (Autotrophs) • Photosynthesize • Ex) plants, algae

  29. Review: Autotroph • Auto means self • Troph means energy  Autotrophs make own energy

  30. Energy Flow (cont’d) 3. Energy goes to consumers Aka. heterotrophs • Can’t make own food, must eat other organisms

  31. Types of Consumers • Primary Consumer herbivore: • plant eaters • Secondary Consumercarnivore or omnivore

  32. Types of Consumers (cont) • Carnivore: eat animals • Omnivore: eat plants and animals

  33. Energy Flow (cont’d) 4. Last step of energy chain decomposers • AKA detritivores • Feed on dead & decaying matter Ex. bacteria, fungi - molds, mushrooms, worms

  34.  Trophic Levels • 1st level: producers • 2nd level: primary consumers • 3rd level: secondary consumers

  35. Energy Pyramid • Energy loss diagram • Greatest amount of energy is available at bottom

  36. Energy Pyramid (Cont) • 10% of energy is transferred to next level

  37. Food Chain • Pathway of energy through a community Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Decomposers

  38. Food Web • Food chains connected in a community

  39. Nutrient Cycles within Ecosystems

  40. Nitrogen Cycle 1. Animal waste & decomposition put nitrogen into soil 2. Bacteria in soil “fix” nitrogen gas by converting it into ammonia

  41. Nitrogen Cycle

  42. Nitrogen Cycle 3. Ammonia is absorbed by plants and used to make proteins

  43. Water Cycle 1. Evaporation & transpiration put water into atmosphere 2. Precipitation replaces water that has evaporated

  44. Water Cycle

  45. Oxygen & Carbon Cycle • Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration • Producer - Consumer connection

  46. Oxygen & Carbon Cycle • CO2 released into atmosphere by: • Consumers • Decomposers • Burning fossils fuels

  47. Carbon Cycle

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