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Day 18

Day 18. Block 2. World History 2 Period 3. The End of World War Two. Defeat of the Axis, 1943-45. Stalingrad and Kursk: Russia 1943.

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Day 18

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  1. Day 18 Block 2

  2. World History 2 Period 3

  3. The End of World War Two Defeat of the Axis, 1943-45

  4. Stalingrad and Kursk: Russia 1943 1943 was the beginning of the end for the Axis. Germany had just suffered its worst-ever defeat at Stalingrad, and for the first time was on the defensive in Russia. The fighting culminated in a gigantic tank battle that summer in Kursk. Meanwhile, on the home front, the British were inflicting terrible damage on German industrial cities such as Hamburg. Feb 2: German surrender at Stalingrad July 5: Massive tank battle at Kursk July 27: Huge bombing raid on Hamburg Nov 6: Russians recapture Kiev

  5. The Second Front: Italy 1943 After winning the Battle of El Alamein the previous October, the Allies pushed on into Libya and Tunisia. By the middle of the year, the Ally troops were able to launch an invasion of Italy. The fighting was difficult, but the opening of a second front relieved some of the pressure on the Soviets. May 13: Afrika Corps surrenders in North Africa July 10: Allies land in Sicily July 26: Fascist government falls; Mussolini arrested Sept 8: Italy surrenders Sept 11: Germany occupies northern Italy Sept 12: Mussolini rescued by German commandos; forms a puppet government

  6. ‘D’ Day and the Liberation of France: 1944 By 1944, the Axis was clearly losing the war. For the knockout blow, the Allies launched the invasion of France known as ‘D-Day’. This landing of several hundred thousand Allies troops drew German strength away from the Eastern Front, enabling the Russians to rapidly advance. It also enabled the liberation of France after four years of Nazi occupation. June 6: D-Day landings at Normandy June 13: First V-1 rocket attack on Britain June 24: Assassination attempt on Hitler Aug 25: Paris liberated Sept: Belgium liberated Nov: Allies reach German border

  7. Russian Offensives 1944 The Russian steamroller advanced with increasing speed in 1944, pushing the Nazis from Russian territory, and advancing almost to the German border. 1.2 million Red Army soldiers took part in Operation Bagration. Jan 6: Soviets enter Poland Jan 27: Leningrad siege lifted after 900 days Jun 9: Soviets advance into Finland June 22: Operation Bagration – the Russian summer offensive July 24: First concentration camp liberated Aug 19: Soviets advance into Romania Sept: Baltic states liberated Dec 27: Siege of Budapest

  8. Battle of the Bulge 1944 Staring defeat in the face, the Germans mustered all of their remaining strength for one last offensive. The Ardennes Offensive, known as the Battle of the Bulge, lasted around a month, and saw fierce fighting between American and German troops. The offensive failed and left the way clear for the Allies to march into western Germany. Dec 16: Ardennes Offensive begins Dec 26: Allies begin counterattack Jan 25: Official end of the battle

  9. Road to Defeat: 1945 At the beginning of 1945, Germany was hanging by a thread. Vast numbers of Allied troops surrounded her borders, and unconditional surrender was the only acceptable outcome. Hitler vowed to fight on, and so German civilians bore the brunt of the tough fighting of early 1945. Jan 17: Warsaw liberated Jan 26: Auschwitz liberated Feb 13: Dresden destroyed in firebombing March 6: Final German offensive to guard Hungarian oilfields April 1: US troops encircle the Ruhr April 21: Red Army reaches Berlin

  10. Collapse: April/May 1945 By April the war was lost. The Soviets fought street by street to capture Berlin, as Hitler cowered in his bunker. At the end of the month, he killed himself. A week later, his successor, Admiral Doenitz, signed the surrender. The most destructive war in human history was over. April 28: Mussolini is captured and hanged April 30: Hitler commits suicide May 2: German troops in Italy surrender May 7: Unconditional surrender of all German troops May 8: V-E (Victory in Europe) Day June 5: Germany is divided between the Allies Nov 20: Nuremberg War Crimes Trials begin

  11. The Holocaust By: Kim Michal Photo Credits: http://www.flickr.com/creativecommons/ http://myfdw.com/

  12. Before we begin: • Necessary things: • A very HIGH level of Respect • Maturity

  13. Who was Adolf Hitler? • Adolf Hitler was born April 20, 1889 • Hitler was the dictator of Germany • He became dictator in 1933 • This is when it all began… http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhitler.htm

  14. Hitler (continued)… “Once I really am in power, my first and foremost task will be the annihilation of the Jews…until all Germany has been completely cleansed of Jews.” -Adolf Hitler, 1922 http://www.shoaheducation.com/endlosung.html Photo Credit: http://www.librarising.com/astrology/celebs/images2/A/adolfhitler.jpg

  15. What was The Holocaust? • Holocaust is literally defined as: • “a sacrifice consumed by fire” • But most would define it as: • the mass slaughter of European civilians, especially Jews, by the Nazis during World War II • Lasted from 1933-1945 http://library.thinkquest.org/12663/summary/whatframe.html Photo Credit: http://www.sunderlandclc.org.uk/UserFiles/File/Holocaust.jpg

  16. Who were the victims? • Jews • Homosexuals • Gypsies • The Disabled • Slavic Peoples • Jehovah’s Witnesses http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005143

  17. Concentration Camps • Prisoners were forced to go into concentration camps • Also called labor camps • Some camps were called death camps • Controlled by the Nazi’s http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/133b/07Projects/pix/DworkVanPeltBookpicture.jpg http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/133b/07Projects/pix/DworkVanPeltBookpicture.jpg http://frank.mtsu.edu/~baustin/holocamp.html

  18. Auschwitz • Auschwitz was the largest camp during the Holocaust • Prisoners were forced to give up all belongings • Children were often killed upon arrival • Between 1.1 and 1.5 million prisoners were murdered here http://www.auschwitz.dk/Auschwitz.htm

  19. Auschwitz (continued…) • Auschwitz was located near the German-Polish border in Upper Silesia • The sign of the main gate here states “Arbeit Macht Frei” • This translates to “Work Brings Freedom” http://www.sackstark.info/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/arbeit_macht_frei.jpeg http://www.auschwitz.dk/Auschwitz.htm http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205782.pdf

  20. At the camps… • Prisoners were forced to do hard labor • Prisoners were starved • Forced to obey the Nazi’s, and were murdered if they disobeyed • Prisoners had no control of their own lives • Many prisoners died as a result of incarceration and maltreatment www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005143

  21. The pictures you are about to see can be very disturbing. • Please prepare yourself.

  22. The Victims… http://www.utexas.edu/features/2005/holocaust/graphics/holocaust5.jpg http://blog.beliefnet.com/pontifications/imgs/Ebensee%20concentration%20camp%20prisoners%201945.jpg

  23. http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/usa/images-3/holocaust-victims-in-bunks.jpghttp://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/usa/images-3/holocaust-victims-in-bunks.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Holocaust123.JPG

  24. http://afeatheradrift.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/holocaust.jpghttp://afeatheradrift.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/holocaust.jpg http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2009/08/18/holocaust_mass_grave_belsen_kuiks_19886.jpg

  25. Camp Doctors • Nazi doctors tortured men, women, and children at death camps • Performed experiments on victims • Victims were: • put into pressure chambers • tested with drugs • castrated, • frozen to death http://www.shoah.dk/doctors/

  26. Camp Doctors (continued)… • Children were exposed to : • Experimental surgeries without anesthesia • Blood transfusions from one to another • Isolation endurance • Injections of lethal germs • Sex change operations • Removal of organs and limbs http://www.shoah.dk/doctors/

  27. Josef Mengele • Known as Angel of Death • Performed experiments on twins: • Carried out twin to twin transfusions • Stitched twins together • Castrated or sterilized twins • Organ and limb removal • http://www.shoah.dk/doctors/ http://www.gesch.med.uni-erlangen.de/gewissen/ausstell/zwill/_bild/23_25.jpg http://www.ushmm.org/lcmedia/photo/lc/image/59/5961.jpg

  28. Ways of Genocide • Gas chambers • Cremation • Starvation • Malnutrition • Torture • Death Marches http://www.scrapbookpages.com/mauthausen/Tour/PhotoTour03.html http://www.uiowa.edu/policult/assets/postWWII_holocaust/crematorium.jpg http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005143

  29. Liberation of the Camps • Liberation began in 1944 • Soviets liberated Auschwitz in 1945 • U.S. forces liberated Buchenwald in 1945 • Remaining camps were liberated in 1945 • “Liberators confronted unspeakable conditions in the Nazi camps, where piles of corpses lay unburied” http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005131 http://scrapbookpages.com/poland/Auschwitz/OldPhotos/AuschwitzLiberation.jpg

  30. The Numbers • 11 million prisoners were murdered • 6 million victims were Jews • Number of European Jews who survived: 3,546,211 • Percentages: • Polish Jews killed: 91% • German Jews killed: 36% • Jews killed in Europe during war: 63% http://www.jewishmag.co.il/109mag/holocaustnumbers/holocaustnumbers.htm www.etni.org.il/holocaust/holocaust_numbers.doc

  31. Words from Survivors… • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ER1sRYDAYY&feature=channel • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJdqDuA9Vp8

  32. Please grab an Ipad • Google: Rescuers those who risked their lives to save others • Click on the first link

  33. AZ/US History 1 Period 2

  34. Two groups of people had emerged: Federalists - someone who supports a strong centralized government and Anti-Federalists - someone who supports states rights and does not like strong central government

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