Sound

1. Media Type:SoundCommon File Formats:.WAV, .MID, .AUDescription:Sound complements your titles with music, sound effects and voiceovers that create a mood, add emphasis, communicate ideas, or signal interactivity.

2. Sound • How to make sounds • How to record and edit sounds • How to incorporate sounds into your work

3. Sound Types in Multimedia 1) Narration 2) Sound effect 3) Music

4. 1) Narration • Voice recording for specific use at a predetermined time or “on demand” in an interactive environment. • Says what you want to say and when you want to say it • Example: demonstrating a process or procedure, it can be repeated, on demand, at the user’s discretion.

5. Narration • Developer creates the narrative sound track himself/herself or has it done by an outside source. • Some of the considerations are: • Can I do it myself? • Is my voice quality sufficient for the job? • Do I have the equipment to do the recording? • If I use an outside source, where do I go? • Does my project have the funds to pay for outside sources?

6. 2) Sound Effects • Most commonly used sound format in the development of multimedia productions • Very effective at getting a point across and grabbing the attention of an audience • One of the easiest formats to obtain from companies specialize in producing sound effects for distribution • e.g CD-ROM • formats include .aif, .wav, and others, and are compatible with Macintosh and Windows applications

7. 3) Music • Obtained through various clip media vendors • To support any musical taste and to accompany any style graphic or video • Two types : • Basic Sound(Digital audio) • Advance Sound (MIDI)

8. MIDI • Musical Instrument Digital Interface • developed in early 1980s for electronic musical instruments and computers. • Allows music and sound synthesizers from different manufacturers to communicate each other by sending messaged along cables connected to the devices • Protocol for passing detailed descriptions of a musical score, such as notes, sequences of notes, and what instrument will play these notes

9. MIDI • Not digitized sound; it is a shorthand representation of music stored in numeric form • A score that depends on the capabilities of your sound system, the other on the quality of your musical instruments and the capabilities of your sound system • MIDI files are much more compact than digital audio files - independent of playback quality

10. MIDI • MIDI files are small, they don’t take much RAM, disk space,and CPU resources • May sound better than digital audio files if MIDI sound source is of high quality • Can change the length of a MIDI file(by varying its tempo)without changing the pitch of the music or degrading the audio quality • Completely editable- right down to the level of an individual note

11. MIDI • MIDI files are small, they don’t take much RAM, disk space,and CPU resources • May sound better than digital audio files if MIDI sound source is of high quality • Can change the length of a MIDI file(by varying its tempo)without changing the pitch of the music or degrading the audio quality • Completely editable- right down to the level of an individual note • Require a modicum of familiarity with musical scores, as well as audio production

12. Choosing between MIDI and Digital Audio In general, use MIDI data in the following: • Digital audio won’t work because you don’t have enough RAM, hard disk space, or CPU processing power • You have a high quality sound source • You have complete control over the playback hardware • You don’t need spoken dialog

13. Choosing between MIDI and Digital Audio In general, use digital audio in the following: • You don’t have complete control over the playback hardware • You have the computing resources to handle digital files • You need spoken dialog

14. Making MIDI audio • Midisoft Studio for Windows to make MIDI scores • Sound synthesizer(typically built into the sound boards on PCs) • A MIDI Keyboard - useful to simplify creation of musical scores • File formats: .mid

15. Digital Audio • Digitize sound from: • microphone • synthesizer • existing tape recordings • live radio and television broadcasts • popular CDs • records

16. Digital Audio • Digitize sound is sampled sound • Three sampling frequencies most often used in multimedia are: • CD-quality 44.1KHz • 22.05 KHz • 11.025 KHz • Sample sizes are either 8 bits or 16 bits • The larger the sample size, the better the data describes the recorded sound

17. Preparing digital audio files: • Balancing the need for sound quality with your available RAM and hard disk resources • Setting proper recording levels to get a good, clean recording

18. File Size versus Quality • For a monophonic recording: • sampling rate * duration of recordings in seconds * (bit resolution/8) * 1 • For a stereo recording: • sampling rate * duration of recordings in seconds * (bit resolution/8) * 2 • Example: For a 10-second recording at 22.05KHz, 8-bit resolution would be: • 22050 * 10 * 8/8 * 1 = 220,500 bytes

19. Evaluating sound quality

20. Editing Digital Recordings • Trimming • Splicing and Assembly • Volume adjustments • Format conversion • Resampling or downsampling • Fade-ins and Fade-outs • Equalization • Time Stretching • Digital Signal Processing (DSP): process signal with effects such as reverberation, multitab delay, chorus, flange, and other special effects

21. Audio File Formats • A sound’s file format is simply a recognized methodology for organizing the digitized sound’s data bits and bytes into a data file • On the Macintosh, digitized sounds may be stored as data files , .AIF or .SDII • On the Windows, .WAV • On the Internet,

22. Adding Sound to your Multimedia Project 1. Decide what kind of sound is needed(such as background music, special sound effects, and spoken dialog). Fit the sound cues into your storyboard. 2. Decide where and when you want to use either digital audio or MIDI data. 3. Acquire source material by creating it from scratch or purchasing it. 4. Edit the sounds to fit your project. 5. Test the sounds to be sure they are timed properly with the project’s images. This may involve repeating steps 1 through 4 until everything is in synch.

23. Media Type:VideoCommon File Formats:.AVI, .MPGDescription:Full-motion video offers a level of authenticity similar to television or movies. With video, you can show tasks and events that words and graphics are inadequate to explain. And video quickly and effectively reaches a busy audience.

24. Uses of VIDEO • Common practice to have a video clip or two in a presentation • Fastest way to deliver a message across an audience • Captivate our attention and it also helps us retain more information in our memory than with just plain text and graphics • We, are after all, audio-visual creatures

25. What is VIDEO? • A series of frames containing pictures and sound played back at a fast rate. • Single frame is a picture with a specific action. • Several frames of the same picture but with slight variation in the action, are grouped together and played back within a specific time, the picture will give an impression of movement.

26. What is VIDEO? • Measured in frames per second or fps. • US, video is played back at 30 fps which is set up by their National Television Standards Committee , NTSC. • UK, Australia and most part of Asia uses PAL (Phase Alternation Line) , 25 fps for video and television playback. • Multi-systems for television sets and video cassette recorders

27. TWO Types of VIDEO • ANALOGUE VIDEO: signal having a continuous set of values • DIGITAL VIDEO: set of discrete values

28. Differences between Analogue and Digital • Analogue picture can be enlarged to any size without loss of quality of the image. • Digital picture which is made of pixels of picture element, loses quality when it is enlarged - the total image to be less sharp.

29. ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL • Digitizing means converting the video signal to digital information • To digitize video on your desktop PC: • ANALOGUE source • VCR, Laser discs players, Camcorder • FAST CPU and a lot of memory(RAM) • faster the processor, the better the digital video will be, minimum 486 66MHz • more memory, the easier it is to capture and digitize video, minimum 32MBs to 64MBS or more

30. ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL • HARDDRIVE • Video files consumes a lot of storage space • fast • VIDEO CAPTURE BOARD • connects the analogue source to your computer • captures the video signals from the source and converts the analogue video to digital video which uses CODEC to digitize the video • E.g. CREATIVE Lab’s Video Blaster

31. VIDEO FILE FORMAT • WINDOWS • .AVI (Audio Video Interleave) • combines both audio and video data

32. Digital Video Size • Video files are huge because it contain both video and audio data • To calculate the size of a video, several factors need to be considered: • SCREEN SIZE: Larger the screen size, the larger the video file will be. Full screen video is 640 x 480 in size- number of pixels on screen. • Use one quarter screen which is 320 x 240 or one sixteenth of a screen, 160 x 120 pixels

33. Digital Video Size • COLOUR: Primary Colors, RGB • Computer, each color take up 8-bits of space per pixel. • Realistic Color digital video, each pixel in a computer will comprise of 24-bit color(true color) • FRAME RATE: Real time video is played at 25fps using PAL and 30fps using NTSC • Digital video clips are played at 15fps • more frame rates used per second, larger the video file will be.

34. Digital Video Size • SOUND AND TIME: • sound adds storage space to the file; higher quality , the more space it takes up • longer the video clip, the larger file size

35. CODEC • Compressor/decompressor • a software device to compress and decompress data(video) • PC, most widely used CODECS: • Cinepack and Indeo => .avi • Apple Quicktime => .mov • MPEG => .mpg

36. VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE • Allows you to edit and add effects and enhancement to your digital video clip • ADOBE PREMIERE • ASSYMETRIX DVP • ADOBE AFTER EFFCETS

37. Media Type:GraphicsCommon File Formats:.DIB, .BMP, .WMF, .TIFDescription:Graphics shape the design of your title, adding visual appeal and expressing concepts that text alone cannot easily communicate. You can scan graphics or create them on a computer, then save them in the file format you need

38. Form of Images • Photograph • interactive button • computer illustration or • video footage from your camcoder

39. Uses of Visual Graphics • To create dazzling background textures • Visualization of information and data, such as spreadsheet data • Enhance a textual point on the screen, or making a button visually simulating through picture icons

40. Types of Graphics or Digital Image • Vector graphics • Bitmapped graphics

41. Vector graphics • Describes a shape or image using lines and curves and the image is stored as a series of co-ordinates • consists of line drawings such as lines, rectangles, ellipses, arcs, spline curves • Do not look like photographs • CorelDraw!, Macromedia Freehand and Adobe Illustartor

42. Examples of Vector Graphics:

43. Bitmapped graphics • Images made up of pixels, tiny dots on your screen or printer, each of which you can paint a particular color • Images that come from a scanner, a photograph or images captured from a video camcorder or TV • Picture + Element

44. Bitmapped graphics • Pixels can be either on or off (the 1-bit bitmap, monochrome black and white) or • Can represent varying shades of color • 4-bit => 16 colors • 8-bit => 256 colors • 16-bit => 65,356 colors • 24-bit => millions of colors

45. Examples of Bitmapped Graphics

46. Different ways to make a bitmap • Make a bitmap from scratch with a paint program • Grab a bitmap from an active computer screen with a screen capture program, and then paste it into a paint program or your application • Capture a bitmap from a photo, artwork using a scanner

47. Bitmapped graphics software • Adobe Photoshop • Windows Paintbrush • Fractal Design Painter • PaintShop Pro

48. Digital Image File Formats • *.BMP => Windows Bitmap • *.GIF => Graphics Interchange Format. A CompuServe Information Service Format used to compressed bitmapped images • *.JPG =>Joint Photographic Experts Group(JPEG). Used by various drawing program and the Internet because it compresses bitmapped images into a smaller size

49. Digital Image File Formats • *.TIF => Tagged Image File Format. Introduced by Aldus and has many file versions. File sizes also tend to be rather large

50. Acquiring Graphics • Creating digital images in-house through the use of special graphics package • hiring graphic houses/designers • purchasing digital clipart • scanning photographs • taking digital photos with a digital camera