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UNIT 3: Cities

UNIT 3: Cities. Contents. The structure and functions of the cities The spread of urbanisation The worldwide urban network Urban problems Spanish cities. Keywords. Global warming : c alentamiento global. Urban microclimate ( heat island ): clima urbano más cálido y polución.

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UNIT 3: Cities

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  1. UNIT 3: Cities

  2. Contents • Thestructure and functions of thecities • The spread of urbanisation • Theworldwideurbannetwork • Urbanproblems • Spanishcities

  3. Keywords • Global warming: calentamiento global. • Urbanmicroclimate(heatisland): clima urbano más cálido y polución. • Trafficjam: atasco de tráfico. • Pollution: polución. • Residentialsegregation: segregación residencial. • Social exclusion: exclusión social. • Propertyspeculation: especulación inmobiliaria. • Social integration: integración social. • Metropolitanareas: áreas metropolitanas, ciudades difusas. • Rapid urbanisation: urbanización rápida asociada al éxodo rural. • Urbanisationrate: tasa de urbanización. • CBD: Central Business District, el centro de la ciudad dedicado a finanzas y comercio. - Emergingcountries: países emergentes. - Shanty/slumtown: núcleo de chabolas. - Outskirts: las afueras de la ciudad donde está creciendo. • Rural urbanfringe: más allá de las afueras pero bajo influencia de la ciudad. • Populationdensity: densidad de población. • Globalisation: globalización. • Urbanhierarchy: jerarquía urbana, se refiere a la red de ciudades. • Metropolises: metrópolis.

  4. 54% of thewholeworldpopulationlivestoday in cities

  5. 1. Thestructure and functions of thecities It is not easy task to define what is it a city. Cities have the following characteristics: • Population size: they have large numbers of inhabitants and are densely populated. • Urban space: Cities are built-up areas and often have high buildings. The space is used for housing, businesses and transport infrastructures. • Administrative status: urban centres have played a key role in human history. Historical importance. There may be one or more cities in an urban area. This is an area that has a population density of more than 150 inhabitants per km2. Cities often have a wide range of functions: residential (all cities), political (New York, Brussels, Madrid), commercial (London, New York), industrial (Shanghai), cultural (Rome) or tourist (Florence, Benidorm).

  6. Thestructure of cities Cities have several main areas: 1. The central zone: • Historic centre, where the city originated (city town hall). • The Central Business District (CBD) is where most commercial and financial activity takes place. • Many Services are found like museums, universities or hospitals. 2. City extensions: were built as residential areas in the 19th century as cities expanded. 3. The outskirts, where the city is still expanding. • Residential areas provide housing for people who work in the city or travel there to use services. In developed countries, suburbs with schools, shopping centres and good transport facilities. In less developed countries, shanty towns. • Industrial parks and service areas near the main roads where land is cheaper and there is a easy acces. 4. The rural urbanfringeisbeyondtheoutskirts. Itisanintermediateareawith a range of activities and populationgroups.

  7. 2. The spread of urbanisation • Todayjusthalf of theworld’spopulationlives in cities. Accordingtopredictionsthisproportionwillriseto 70% by 2050. In thepasturbanpopulationwasmainlyconcentrated in developedcountries. However, todayitisincreasingrapidly in emerging and lessdevelopedcountries. • DEVELOPED COUNTRIES • Citiesexpandedwhenindustrialisationtook place in the 19th century. Today in developedcountries: • A veryhighpercentage of thepopulation (over 80%) lives in cities. • Urbanpopulationisstillgrowingbut at a lowerratethan in lessdevelopedcountries. • Threefactorsexplaintheincrease in theurbanpopulationof developedcountries: • A widerange of jobs and servicesisfound in cities. • Young peoplearrive in thecities and bring up theirfamiliesthere. • As a result of globalisation, citieshavebecomeimportant centres forthedistribution of goods and servicesto a worldmarket. • EMERGING AND LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES • Urbangrowthbeganlaterbuttodaytherate of growth in theseregionsismuch more rapidthan in developedcountries. • Peoplemigratefrom rural areastothecitieslookingforjobs, higherwazesorservices. • Therate of growthishigher in cities as theyhaveyoungerpopulations. • - As a result of globalisation, internationalcompanies set up business in emergingcountries.

  8. 3. Theworldwideurbannetwork • Theinfluence of cities • Citiesaroundtheworld are linkedtoeachother in manyways and form a worldwideurbannetwork: • Largecompanieshavetheirheadquarters in bigcities, buttheirfactories are located in smallerareasand in othercountries. • Politicalinstitutions are based in cities. • Transportnetworksconnectcitiestoeachother and totheir rural surroundings. • The media promotethe spread of information. • Cities are centres of innovation in manyfields (culture, economy, lifestyletrends). • Theurbanhierarchy: global cities • Thesystem of clasificationcitiesiscalledurbanhierarchy. A smallnumberor global cities are at the head of theworldurbanhierarchy (New York, London, Paris, Tokyo and Hong Kong are theleadingcities. Global citieshavegreatinfluenceonthe global economy as theyhavefinancialinstitutions, national and internationalinstitutions, headquarters of manyleadinginternationalcompaniesand keyinformation and communications industries.

  9. Theurbanhierarchy: national and regional cities Thereisalso a urbanhierarchywithincountries: • Nationalmetropolises: nationalcapitals and otherimportantcitiesplayanimportantpolitical and economic role in theirowncountries(Madrid, Barcelona). • Regional cities: thesecitiesplayanimportant role in theirownregion(Valladolid, Zaragoza, Sevilla) • Small cities and towns: theseurbanareasonlyplay a role at local level(Ávila, Segovia, León, Murcia).

  10. 4. Urbanproblems Residentialsegregation. Urbanresidentslive in areasthatreflecttheirincome. Theseparation of groups of peopleintodifferentareasaccordingtotheirincomeiscalledresidentialsegregation. People of lowincomesoftenlive in deterioratingdistrictsorfarawayfromthecity. A neighborhoodsuffersfrom social exclusionifit has a highlevel of poverty and crime and theresidentslackbasicopportunities. In lessdevelopedcountries, shantytowshavegrownontheoutskirts of bigcities, they do nothavebasicfacilities as runningwaterorstreetlighting. Otherurbanchalleges. • Resourcemanagement. Citiesoften consume far more resourcesthan rural areas. • Infrastructures. City counciloftenacquiredebtsbecausebuildinginfrastructures. • Housing. Difficultacommodation as a result of propertyspeculation. • Social integration. Itisimportantthatpeoplefromdiffirentbackgrounds and cultures livetogether in mutual respect. Pollution. Citiescontributeto global warming. Vehicles and heatingsystemsn use fossilfuelslikecoal and oil. These produce greehouse gases whichtrapheat at theEarth’ssurface. Anurbanmocroclimate (heatisland) iswhen a city has a slightlyhighertemperaturethantheareaaroundit. Traffic. Thereis a bigconcetration of traffic in cities, whichresults as follows: highspendingforroadnetworksand trafficmanagements, largespacesfortrafficinfrastructures, trafficjams and accidents and fuel consumption and pollution. Wastemanagement. Citiescreate a greatamount of wastebecausetheyhavelargepopulations and highconsumption. In developedcountriesurbanwastemanagementisunder control of administrations, while in lessdevelopedcountriesilegal wastedumps are created in urbanareas and oftengoestorivers and seas.

  11. 5. Spanishcities Recent changes, the pattern of urbanisation has changed since 1980s. People now are moving to small cities, this led to the growth of new metropolitan areas and the development od the model of difusse city. Urbanisation in Spain Urbanisation began later in Spain than some other European countries and it was not a rapid process. From the mid-19th century, the growth of cities was linked to urbanisation. Expanding industrial cities (Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid) attracted migrants from rural areas. From 1955 to 1980 the expansion of the Spanish economy caused a wave of internal migration. About one third of the Spanish population migrated from rural areas to the growing citites. Population continued to grow in industrial areas but also in the Mediterranean coast because of tourist industry.

  12. Theurbansystem in Spain Theurbansystemis a series of administrative, economic and transport links betweenurbancities. Towns and citiesalsoformsubsystemsbecausetheyhaveclose links witheachother. Theurbanhyerarchy in Spain Thehierarchy of Spanishcitiesreflects a longprocess of urbanisation: • Nationalmetropolises, Barcelona and Madrid havegreatpopulations (over 3 million) and greatinfluence (political, economical and cultural) overtherest of the country. • Regional metropolises(Valencia, Bilbao, Zaragoza, Seville and Málaga), withpopulationsover a halfmillioninhabitants and great regional influence. • Regional cities (Valladolid, Alicante, Murcia, Palma and Cádiz), populationsbetween 200.000 and 500.000 inhabitants, industrial and commercialfunctions in theircommunities. • Medium-sizedcities, like Burgos, between 50.000 and 200.000 inhabitants, they are provincial capitals. • Small towns, providebasicservices at local level.

  13. HOMEWORK!!! • Define whatisit a cityusingdifferentcriteria. • Define: CBD, urbanhierarchy, global city, metropolitanarea, shantytown, outskirts, global warming, heatisland. 3. Whatdifferences are therebetweenurbanisation in developed and lessdevelopedcountries? 4. Are themain global citiesfound in developedoremergingcountries? Why? 5. Which global cities of theEuropeanUnionplay a major role internationally? In whichfields? 6. Explainwidelythemostimportanturbanproblems.

  14. 7. What were themainstages of urbanisation in Spain. Describe itwidely. 8. What position doesyourcity (Segovia) occupy in theSpanishhierarchy? Explainyouranswer. 9. Are mosturban centres in the interior of thePeninsulaor in thecoasts and islands? Explainyouranswer. 10. Analysethefollowingmapbasedonthisunit:

  15. 11. Analysethegraphshowingthe figures forurbanpopulation and answerthequestions: • Describe theevolution of urbanisation in theworld. • In whichcountriesisurbanpopulationgrowingmostrapidlytoday? Why? • Are thesethemosturbanisedcountries in theworldtoday?

  16. Made by Francisco Javier AbadesAnsián History teacher at Castilla y León (Spain) Feel free to study or share this presentation

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